OLD-AGE PENSIONS (for length of service) IN TSAR RUSSIA.
By 1914, all "state employees", i.e.:
--- officials of all departments of all classes, as well as clerks,
--- officers and ensigns of the army, customs service, gendarmerie corps, etc.:
--- teachers (including folk, primary classes), teachers of the law and employees of theological educational institutions, as well as teachers, professors of universities and other educational institutions,
--- scientists and engineers at all state factories, all departments and organizations,
--- doctors and paramedics (including the veterinary service), as well as employees and lower ranks (servants) of state hospitals and institutions,
--- workers of state factories (since 1913) and state railways:
http://www.hist.msu.ru/Labs/Ecohist/OB12/feldman.pdf
For ordinary citizens of the Republic of Ingushetia, the pension provision consisted of several components. The main thing, of course, is the state pension “for long-term impeccable service” (or sickness \ disability \; in case of forced early retirement from work for health reasons, and since 1912, disability pensions were also paid to workers of private enterprises).
The second term; emeritura, i.e. the amount paid by individual departments (for example, railway engineers, mining engineering, justice, etc.) to their pensioners from the mutual benefit fund for life; provided that this person at one time he paid contributions to this cash desk for 10 years. Moreover, the size of the Emeritus was sometimes not inferior to the size of the state pension!
And the third; pensions due to holders of the most prestigious state awards. In fact, this contingent was very large and also included soldiers who were awarded St. George's crosses.
Returning to old-age pensions, there was no single age for the entire empire, upon reaching which a person was automatically considered a pensioner. But in order to receive a pension in the amount of 100;% of your salary (then they said: “get a full salary”), you had to work for 35 years (we are talking, of course, about general experience; Soviet invention continuous experience"at that time was not yet known), and the experience of 34.5 years was also counted as 35; years. Workers who served 25 years or more were entitled to "half salary". They were equated with those whose length of service was 24.5 years.
Pension benefits were provided primarily to those who were forced to retire early for health reasons. They received the right to the maximum pension if they served 30 years or more. Experience from 20 to 30 years provided 2; /; 3 salaries, and from 10 to 20 years; third. If the disease did not allow a person not only to work, but even to take care of himself, then the “full salary” was due after 20 years of work, 2; /; 3 of him; with a length of service of at least 10 years, and a third; with at least five years of work experience.
However, in addition to seniority, another fundamental condition was required: the service throughout all the years had to be “immaculate”. There was nothing to hope for pensions for those who at least once were dismissed “under the article”: “removed from office” by the court or “removed from office” by order of the authorities. Pension was not relied on for persons who had served a sentence for criminal offenses. The latter included representatives of the political opposition; from Narodnaya Volya to Bolsheviks. And indeed, why should the ideological fighters against the “tsarist regime” be on its own payroll? So neither Lenin, nor Stalin, nor their other associates, convicted under numerous criminal articles, the state pension clearly did not shine. They really had nothing to lose...
As for the dismissed “under the article” (through the court or by the authorities), he could get another job and earn a pension there. True, in this case, the countdown of years of service began from zero. It was more difficult for a citizen who had problems with the Criminal Code. Under Russian law, no one could return his lost pension rights to him, except, of course, the Sovereign. However, a petition addressed to the head of state should not have been submitted immediately after serving the sentence, but at least after three years of “immaculate” service. This minimum experience served as a kind of evidence that yesterday's offender had taken the path of correction and, therefore, could be forgiven. If the Sovereign gave his consent, an entry was made in the track record of the recent jailer that the punishment he served "is not an obstacle to the appointment of a pension." IN retirement experience, of course, only the service that began after release from places of deprivation of liberty was counted.
The emperor approved the increased pension.
In principle, any worker on his own initiative could interrupt for a long time labor activity. If, for example, an official or an officer planned to relax for a year or two on the estate or to receive medical treatment on the waters in Baden-Baden, and then return to work, then he left “voluntarily” without asking for a pension. But if for some reason he was no longer going to work, then in his resignation letter he announced his desire to receive a pension.
The amount of the assigned pension was not subject to appeal; amounts have not been recalculated. But if a pensioner was under investigation for cases previously committed in the service, he was paid only half the amount. The second part of it was issued only if the court delivered a verdict of not guilty.
It was possible to deprive a person of a pension in two cases: if he became a monk or, having gone abroad, became a defector. But the death of a pensioner, oddly enough for those who lived in the USSR and for us, current citizens of the Russian Federation, was not the basis for stopping the payment: the recipients were the widow (for life, except for the widows who died in duels) and children (sons; up to 17 years old, daughters; before marriage or until the age of 21).
If a pensioner decided to return to work, he lost his assigned pension. The fact is that it was forbidden in the Russian Empire to receive both a salary and a pension at the same time, and such a phenomenon as a “working pensioner” was not yet known (as well as throughout the world at that time). A pensioner who had just begun to work could continue his labor activity for as long as he himself considered necessary and possible. At the end of the service, the amount of the pension was calculated anew; as a rule, the new figure due to the increased length of service was significantly higher than the original one.
I may have missed some categories. More details can be found in the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire:
http://civil.consultant.ru/reprint/books/175/180.html#img181
***
SOCIAL INSURANCE IN TSAR RUSSIA IN THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY.
http://www.insurn.ru/pg-id-432.htm
In 1903, a law appeared "on the remuneration of victims of accidents of workers and employees in enterprises of the factory, mining and mining industry." According to which, for disability for a period of more than three days from a bodily injury received at work, the worker was entitled to remuneration in the form of an allowance, and in the event of disability or death - in the form of a pension, and the owner of the enterprise was recognized as responsible. The law provided for the transfer of responsibility of the owner of the enterprise to an insurance institution or company in the event that the owners of enterprises are insured in Russian insurance companies and institutions. The law determined the exact procedure for receiving benefits and established control over its implementation. Since July 1904, the law covered workers and employees of military departments, since 1905 - workers and employees of state printing houses, since 1906, workers and employees of the maritime department and state-owned enterprises of commercial ports.
According to the reports of the largest insurance companies in Russia, acting on the basis of the law of 1903, in 1904, 534,369 people were insured under collective insurance in the societies "Russia", "Help", "Care", "Anchor", "Salamander", and in mutual insurance companies - Riga, Ivanovo-Voznesensky, Kiev - 148,934 people (5.3% of the total number of people living in hired labor).
Thus, by 1905, the basis for a social insurance system in the field of providing workers who suffered from accidents was created in the Russian Empire. medical care, disability benefits and disability pensions, which later formed the basis of the concept of public insurance. However, it was not enough. remained extremely low percentage insured workers. The provision of medical care remained at a low level. In addition to the law on state accident insurance, the workers needed laws on pensions, disability, unemployment, and so on.
The development of all these laws began as early as 1904: according to the personal Imperial decree, the Governing Senate of December 12, 1904 was ordered: "... in the further development of the measures already taken to ensure the participation of workers in factories, plants and crafts, take care of the introduction of state insurance." A commission was created under the leadership of the Minister of Trade and Finance V.I. Timiryazev for the development of relevant bills. She reviewed the materials of the current draft laws on the insurance of workers in European countries (Germany, Austria, Switzerland, France). In part, the European workers' insurance systems formed the basis for the future workers' insurance system in Russia.
INSURANCE LEGISLATION 1912
In the ministerial note to the bill on providing workers in case of illness, introduced in the Third Duma in 1908, the presence of 54 agreements in the Vladimir province, 29 in Samara, 45 in Kherson province is noted.
According to the information of the Factory Inspectorate for 1907, the issuance of cash benefits to workers during illness was observed in 51 provinces (out of 64 that were subject to inspection supervision); they covered 15% of enterprises and 1/3 of the total number of workers.
Most often, benefits were issued in the amount of half of the earnings (47% of enterprises), but there were also payments of full earnings (37%). Eligibility for benefits depended on length of service. The terms during which benefits were issued varied from 1.5-3 weeks (36%) to recovery (27%), as well as up to 1 month.
The effect of the law on June 23, 1912 extended to workers and employees employed in factories, mining, shipping on inland waters, on trams and railways. All enterprises owned by the treasury were excluded (for which insurance was introduced earlier, in 1904-1908), as well as small enterprises with less than 20 employees.
All large and most medium-sized factories insured all their workers. And if someone was injured, then at the expense of the sums insured, the worker could count on quite decent compensation, and if the injury did not allow him to work, then for a lifetime pension. If a person died as a result of an injury, then this money was paid to his widow and children.
PENSIONS AND INSURANCE AFTER 1917
We read TSB:
http://slovari.yandex.ru/art.xml?art...7
Quote:
“After the October Revolution of 1917, state pensions were established for workers. From the very first years of Soviet power, disability pensions and survivors’ pensions were assigned at the expense of the state. From 1928, old-age pensions were introduced for workers in certain industries, which were then extended to all workers, and by 1937 - on employees. state pensions 1956 significantly raised the level of pensions and expanded the circle of persons entitled to pensions"
So, from 1917 to 1928, old-age pensions were not paid at all, they were silently canceled in the Soviet of Deputies. In 1928, pensions began to be paid to certain categories of workers (mining and textile industry) - pensions began to be paid to employees only in 1937. That is, after 1917, employees who left work due to age for more than 20 years (!) did not receive pensions at all. Sovdepovskie pensions were very small until 1956 (!). What pensions were before 1941? I managed to find the size of pensions only for the disabled of the Red Army and the Civil War - they were increased in 1937:
http://www.kommersant.ru/doc.aspx?Do...790&print=true
Quote:
"From the minutes of the meeting of the Politburo No. 45, 1937.
About the pension increase
1. Establish from January 1, 1937, the following amounts of social security pensions (including grain allowances).
a) for persons who received a disability due to participation in the civil war or military service in the Red Army;
b) for disabled former Red Guards and Red partisans - regardless of the time and reasons for the onset of disability;
c) for disabled members of the families of the disabled indicated in paragraphs "a" and "b" in the event of the death of the latter, as well as disabled family members of persons who died in connection with participation in the civil war or service in the Red Army:
Disabled people of the first group - 65 rubles * (for those who do not have agriculture) / 40 rubles. (for those who have agriculture).
Disabled people of the second group - 45 rubles. / 25 rub.
Families of the deceased with three or more disabled members - 45 rubles. / 25 rub.
Families of the deceased with two disabled members - 35 rubles. / 20 rub.
Families of the deceased with one disabled member - 25 rubles. / 15 rub.
2. Establish the following family allowances for disabled pensioners: with three or more disabled family members - in the amount of 40% of the pension received by the disabled person; with two disabled family members - in the amount of 30% of the pension received by the disabled person; with one - in the amount of 20%.
3. In those cases where the pensions assigned in the form of social security before January 1, 1937 exceed those specified in Art. 1 sizes, these pensions are not subject to reduction in accordance with this resolution ...
* Student scholarship in 1937 was equal to 130 rubles. per month, on which it was impossible to live without additional earnings.
As you can see, even the maximum disability pension in 1937 did not exceed half of the student stipend (!). Old-age pensions appear to have been only slightly higher. Even in the last years of Stalin's life (in the 1950s), the old-age pension could not be higher than 300 rubles - this is with an average salary in those years of about 1200 rubles. Of course, under Stalin there were also personal pensions. large sizes, but we are talking about averages (without personal allowances). That is, the maximum pension in the early 1950s was only 25% of the average salary.
Compare this with tsarist times: those who retired due to illness were entitled to 33% of the salary (salary), they were already entitled to work experience (length of service) of at least 5 years, 67% with a length of service of 10 years, and if a person left for health reasons, having worked 20 years - he received a full salary! This is for those who stopped working due to illness. And in old age, with an experience of 25 years until 1917, the employee already received 50% of the salary. Compare this with 25% of the salary in 1951-1955!
Only in 1956, under Khrushchev, a good pension reform was carried out in the USSR, and the size of pensions was significantly increased - almost 40 years (!) After the October Revolution!
The creation of social security bodies of the Soviet period began literally in the first days after the October Revolution. So, already on October 29 (November 11, according to the new style), 1917, the head of the new government, Vladimir Lenin, signed a decree on the creation of the People's Commissariat of State Charity.
Already on October 30 (November 12), Lenin had a conversation with Alexandra Kollontai, who, after extensive experience in party work at the beginning of the 20th century, was invited to the post of first minister in the Soviet government. The choice of a candidate for the post of People's Commissar of Charity was not accidental.
Alexandra Kollontai headed the People's Commissariat of State Charity for only a few months: from October 30, 1917 to March 19, 1918. But even in such a short period of time, the activities of the first people's commissar of charity played a crucial role in the formation of guardianship bodies in the Soviet Republic - in the emergency conditions of two wars (world and civil), with a huge flow of wounded soldiers and people left without a livelihood.
In August 1918, pensions were introduced for the disabled of the Red Army, in 1923 - for party activists ("Old Bolsheviks"). In 1928 - for workers in the mining and textile industries. General pensions for urban workers and employees will be introduced only in 1937.
The pension provision of military personnel in the first years of Soviet power was regulated by the Decree of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR of October 29, 1924 "On approval of the Code of Laws on benefits and benefits for military personnel of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army and the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Navy of the USSR and their families."
Literally on the eve of the Great Patriotic War, on June 5, 1941, a resolution of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR "On pension provision servicemen and members of their families”, which determined the size of the pension depending on the salary and reasons for the disability of servicemen.
With the end of the NEP period and the beginning of collectivization in 1929, the standard of living of the working population fell rapidly.
In the pre-war period (before the start of the Great Patriotic War), the minimum standard of living for workers - in terms of the ratio of wages and the cost of the consumer basket - was fixed in 1940. It was two times lower than the standard of living of a Russian worker in 1913.
As for the peasants, their position in the country did not change for a long time, starting from the period of serfdom. Peasants did not receive pensions in pre-revolutionary Russia. Under Soviet power, rural workers still remained virtually deprived of rights. Right up to the 60s, when during the period of Khrushchev's "thaw" there were significant changes in the social sphere. At the same time, the formation of the Soviet pension system, which for the first time became universal, was basically completed.
In 1956, the USSR adopted the Law "On State Pensions".
In 1964, with the adoption of the Law "On Pensions and Allowances for Members of Collective Farms", collective farmers for the first time received pension rights in the Soviet Union.
Starting from the 1960s, the USSR pension system included two basic components: pensions for workers and employees of state enterprises and pensions for collective farmers. For the first time, the universal right to receive an old-age pension was formalized by law.
In the period 1973-1974, disability and survivor's pensions were introduced.
Some categories of workers were given the right to receive a pension for long service, but these norms, like many other exceptions to general rule the appointment of pensions in the Soviet Union was regulated by separate laws.
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Pension provision in the USSR was actually free for workers. In the absence of insurance contributions from the income of citizens, pensions were financed from public consumption funds.
The sources of pension payments were formed at the expense of the state budget and deductions from the wage fund of enterprises (the deduction rate ranged from 4% to 12%, depending on the field of activity).
Another one distinguishing feature Soviet pension system - low retirement age: 60 years for men and 55 years for women. This bar has remained unchanged since the early 1930s, when it was set based on the results of a commission survey of workers and workers who retired due to disability. The conclusions of the commissions were reduced to the conclusion: "By the age of 55, most of the women and by the age of 60, the majority of men lose the opportunity to continue working."
On the one hand, an early retirement age was considered among the special privileges of working people under socialism. On the other hand, it was unprofitable for the state to increase the age limit: early retirement was a kind of compensation for the low amount of pension payments.
In addition, the state used the level of pension service as an effective tool for regulating employment: a preferential retirement age - when it was possible to retire much earlier than 60 and 55 years old - was established under hazardous working conditions, as well as for those working in extreme climatic conditions , for example, on Far North and in the Far East. Moreover, all regional and sectoral benefits were provided exclusively at the expense of state funding. Like many other pension benefits, which have been Soviet history a lot happened.
The system of pension privileges in the USSR began to take shape already in the first years of Soviet power.
First Decree of the Council of People's CommissarsOn personal pensions to persons who have exceptional services to the republic”was released on February 16, 1923, with amendments and additions in the Decree of April 24 of the same year.
Regardless of specific merits to the state, throughout the Soviet period of pensions, there were three categories of pension privileges:pensioners of federal, republican and local significance.
Traditionally, outstanding scientists, honored party workers, as well as holders of honorary titles and awards were given the right to receive a personal pension: Heroes Soviet Union, Heroes of Socialist Labor, full cavaliers of the Order of Glory (three degrees).
The size of the federal pension was 250 rubles per month. Republican and local values - respectively, 160 and 140 rubles per month. Along with regular cash payment personal pensioners received an annual health supplement in the amount of one or two monthly pensions.
Personal pension rates were relatively low compared to departmental allowances.
Thus, for example, full members of the USSR Academy of Sciences received an academic title bonus of 500 rubles per month. Corresponding members - 400 rubles. The bonus for the title was paid for life: first in the form of a salary supplement, then in the form of a pension.
Military pensioners were also in a special position in the USSR. The level of pensions for retired officers was, on average, twice that of civilians. For example, retired officers of the army and security agencies received a pension salary of 250 rubles a month, employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs - 220 rubles. The level of pensions for senior officers started from 300 rubles per month.
At the same time, officers in senior positions were one of the few categories of pensioners in the Soviet Union who had the privilege of continuing to serve without age restrictions. That in itself was a significant increase in retirement income.
Despite the variety of pension benefits, including compensation for special working conditions, the average level of pension provision in the USSR still remained quite low relative to pension incomes in European countries, including European countries the so-called "social camp".
One of the reasons for this situation was imperfect pension legislation. The Soviet Union did not legally provide for the possibility of indexing pension payments due to changes in the external and internal economic situation. They changed much more often than there was a real increase in pensions in the country. Also, the rules for changing the rates of the minimum and maximum pensions depending on the growth of salaries were not prescribed.
The problems of pension provision in the country sharply worsened in the late 1980s. At that time, there was a whole range of reasons why this happened.
The financial condition of the pension system of the USSR was completely dependent on the dynamics of filling the state budget. In turn, the country's budget was almost completely dependent on the dynamics of world oil prices.
In the mid-1980s, falling energy prices brought the Soviet economy into a state of collapse: the outflow of foreign exchange earnings sharply reduced the overall level of national income, followed by an avalanche-like fall in output.
By the end of the 1980s, the level of the state budget deficit had risen to 10% of GDP. Social programs, including pensions, were curtailed in all directions.
But the oil crisis of the 1980s only exposed the problems of the Soviet pension system, and did not cause them at all.
The number of pensioners in the USSR has increased significantly over the past 30 years: from about 14 million to 34 million from 1961 to 990. At the same time, social contribution rates for enterprises remained virtually unchanged. The share of state financing of pensions has steadily increased. By 1980, the share of subsidies from the Union budget in the state social insurance fund reached 60%.
In pursuance of the USSR law "On urgent measures to improve pensions and social services for the population", a resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR of December 30, 1989 "On the rates of contributions to state social insurance by trade unions" was adopted.
Adopted changes in regulation pension savings in the USSR, under the new economic conditions, however, it operated for a very short time: from January 1, 1990 to January 1, 1991.
As for the general shortcomings of the pay-as-you-go pension system that has developed in the Soviet Union, the most important of them were as follows.
First, the lack of a uniform pension strategy with unified rules for assigning pensions. The multiplicity of options for pension schemes, along with additional social benefits and privileges (regional, sectoral, status, and others), gave rise to an opaque and extremely cumbersome system for calculating individual pensions.
Secondly, the selectivity of the operation of the pension law, which became especially noticeable with the adoption of the law on entrepreneurial activity in the USSR. The massive emergence of private enterprises and the development of forms of independent employment have effectively deprived the most active groups of the population of the right to pensions.
Thirdly, regarding early age retirement (60 years for men and 55 years for women) in the context of the general "aging" of the population increased the burden on the pension system, and above all on the state budget. The critical dependence of the pension system of the USSR on budgetary replenishment led to a critically low margin of safety for the country's social system as a whole.
Despite the fact that the country's constitution declared universal social guarantees, the general standard of living in the last years of the existence of the USSR dropped sharply, including due to an increase in the proportion of the population retirement age. According to living standards surveys conducted in the 1980s, up to 80% of the poor in the Soviet Union were pensioners, mostly of older and advanced age.
The word "pension" is one of the most popular in modern world. In almost all countries, every person can count on the support of the state in his declining years. However, this was not always the case. By the way, the current retirement age in Russia was set in 1932. The history of pensions in our country is quite interesting.
PENSIONS IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE. WITHOUT AGE REQUIREMENT
According to the Pension Fund Russian Federation pensions in Russia began to be introduced gradually back in the 17th century by Peter I, and a detailed pension legislation was adopted under Nicholas I. The first state security began to be used by military personnel and their widows, as well as officials with rank.
Subsequently, the pension system in Russia has steadily expanded to include a broad category of people who today are called "state employees". The right to pensions was given to lower employees who did not have ranks, teachers of state educational institutions, medical staff of state hospitals, engineers and craftsmen, and since 1913, workers of state enterprises and railways. True, the villagers could only rely on their savings and the help of relatives.
By 1914, officials of all classes, clerks, officers, customs, gendarmes, school teachers, university professors, scientists and engineers of all state factories, doctors, medical staff of all state hospitals, workers of state factories and the railway had the right to a seniority pension.
A pension in the amount of a full salary was due to those who had worked in one place for 35 years. A pension of 50% of their salary was received by those who worked in one place for at least 25 years.
At the same time, there was no age limit when a person could retire in the Russian Empire.
People knew that after working from 20 to 30 years, you can count on a pension of up to 2/3 of the salary, and with experience of 10-20 - up to 1/3 of the salary.
The amount of the pension was not subject to appeal. If a pensioner died, then his family (widow, minor children) continued to receive a pension.
DUEL - A SPECIAL CASE
The only exceptions were those cases when a man died in a duel - in this case, the widow lost material support.
Also, pensions were paid only to those who were not noticed in anything bad, that is, they were not involved, were not fired under the article. Those who stumbled were deprived of their pensions and could petition the sovereign or try to re-earn their pension experience in another place by impeccable service. Also, pensions were deprived of those who took monastic vows or left Russia forever.
THERE WERE PRACTICALLY NO PENSIONS AFTER THE 1917 REVOLUTION
After the formation of the USSR, all royal pensions were abolished in one fell swoop. The majority of Soviet workers did not receive old-age pensions for a long time - they were provided only for a small part of the population.
So, in August 1918, pensions were introduced for the disabled of the Red Army, in 1923 - for the old Bolsheviks, in 1928 - for workers in the mining and textile industries.
Only in 1930 was the “Regulation on pensions and social insurance benefits” adopted in Soviet Russia, and since 1937 pensions were paid to all urban workers and employees.
1937 SCHOLARSHIP BIGGER PENSION
Until 1956, the size of pensions in the USSR was meager: participants in the Civil War, soldiers of the Red Army who became disabled were supposed to be 25 rubles. - 45 rubles. (second group of disability) and 65 rubles. (first group).
Also, pensions were paid to disabled family members of such disabled people (from 15 to 45 rubles). Considering that in 1937 the student stipend was 130 rubles, then those who fought with disabilities were paid mere crumbs.
In 1926-1927, the average age of men in the USSR was 40.23 years, women - 45.61 years.
And in 1932, the age of retirement for old age was legally set: 55 years for women and 60 for men.
This law is still used today, almost 85 years later, although now (data from 2017) life expectancy in Russia is 67.5 years for men and 77.4 years for women.
The maximum pension is 300 rubles. in the early 50s of the 20th century, it was no more than 25% of the average salary (1200 rubles). Despite the rise in prices and wages in the country, this maximum remained unchanged. Given that most pensioners received 40-60 rubles, it was absolutely impossible to live on that kind of money without the support of relatives.
1956: LAW ON STATE PENSIONS
The pension system in the USSR was finally established only in 1956, together with the adoption of the law "On State Pensions", i.e. Under the leadership of Nikita Khrushchev, a pension reform was carried out, and the average size of pensions for old age was more than doubled, for disability - one and a half times.
Nikita Khrushchev is usually credited with the fact that he "gave pensions to the collective farmers." In fact, all collective farmers were given the same pension of 12 rubles a month, which was approximately equal to the cost of four kilograms of doctor's sausage.
In 1973, pension payments were raised to 20 rubles, and in 1987 to 50 rubles. Collective farms were allowed to pay pension supplements to their pensioners, i.e. collective farmers were obliged to create funds that were supposed to help pensioners every month - with money, food or workdays. retirement age and seniority, necessary for receiving a pension, were established by the members of the agricultural artel themselves.
Against this background, the pension system tsarist Russia looks just luxurious.
GRANDCHILDREN REMEMBER
And at the end of my story, I want to offer you memories of the life of Soviet pensioners.
Tatyana Rubanova:
- Toward the end of the 60s, I was 4-5 years old, I remember from the conversation of adults. My grandmother, who worked all her life on a collective farm, survived the war, the occupation (the Kursk Bulge just passed through their village), began to receive a pension of 12 rubles. And they lived mainly on what they grew in their garden.
Galina Vrublevskaya:
- The issue of pensions was discussed in our family when she was assigned to my grandmother in 1957. She was 59 years old at the time, and she had not received any pension before, because, as I understand it, she had a long break without work. She stopped working in 1942 when she was evacuated from Leningrad with her husband (my grandfather) and his factory.
However, her total work experience was long, because she worked "in apprenticeship" with the owner in the furrier's workshop from the age of 10, and later, in Soviet time, in a fur factory. Her pension was about 30 rubles (this is already in 1961 prices).
Sergey Aleksandrovich:
Grandmother worked very little, but lived in the city. She had four children. She received, it seems, 25 rubles - in the early 1960s. Grandmother bought 150 g of doctor's sausage “from retirement”, asked her to cut it, and we (I was 7 years old) ate the sausage right next to the store. It was so delicious that you can't imagine better.
And today it's up to you and me to decide whether to expect tender care from the state for us or decide how to live.
The review was prepared by Marina Vyazemskaya / New Pensioner
Post Views: 58 177
Examples of use: “Peasants had a particularly hard time (collective farmers were not entitled to pensions, holidays, they did not have passports, could not leave the village without the permission of the authorities, paid land tax, etc.)” (Lecture course on national history http: / /kursoviki.spb.ru/lekcii/lekcii_history.php)
"The pension system did not cover the peasants" (History of the Russian economy. Tutorial. Huseynov R. http://www.elective.ru/arts/eko01-k0177-p12229.phtml)
Reality:
In 1935, the USSR constitution enshrined the right of all citizens of the country to pensions. Creation of the pension system.
One pension fund did not exist at that time, the payment of social benefits for disability and old age was assigned directly to artels, which were supposed to create a social fund and a mutual fund for this purpose.
“The exemplary Charter of the Agricultural Artel of 1935 (Article 11) obliged the collective farm board, by decision of the general meeting of the members of the artel, to create a social fund to assist the disabled, the elderly, collective farmers who have temporarily lost their ability to work, needy families of military personnel, to maintain kindergartens, nurseries and orphans1. The fund was to be created from the harvest received by the collective farm and livestock products in the amount of not more than 2% of the total gross output of the collective farm. The collective farm, if possible, allocated products and cash. At their own discretion, collective farms could also establish permanent pensions for elderly collective farmers and disabled workers by monthly distribution of food, money, or accrue workdays. The size and procedure for pension provision (retirement age and the length of service required to receive a pension) were determined by the general meeting of members of the artel or the meeting of authorized representatives ”(T. M. Dimoni“ Social security of collective farmers of the European North of Russia in the second half of the twentieth century ”)
So, until the end of the 60s, collective farmers also received a pension, it was simply not the state that issued it, but the collective farm itself. In addition to pensions from the collective farm, specialists, invalids of the Great Patriotic War, could additionally receive a state pension. “The number of such collective farmers was small. In the Vologda Oblast in 1963, there were only 8.5 thousand pensioners-kolkhoz workers, which was no more than 10% of the total number of elderly members of agricultural artels ”(Dimoni)
For workers and employees, state pensions were established in 1956 by the law on state pensions (Vedomosti of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, 1956, No. 15, item 313.)
With the release in 1964 of the “Law on pensions and allowances for members of collective farms” (“Vedomosti of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR”, 1964, No. 29, item 340), the final formation of the pension system of the USSR takes place and the state fully assumes the responsibility for paying pensions. At the same time, in the resolution of the Council of Ministers of the USSR, it was specifically noted that the collective farms, at their discretion, can retain their pension payments - in addition to the state pension
From the same law of July 15, 1964 (in the original version, the law has been changed several times)
Article 6. Members of collective farms have the right to an old-age pension: men - upon reaching 65 years of age and with at least 25 years of work experience; women - upon reaching the age of 60 and with at least 20 years of work experience. […] Article 8. Old-age pensions for members of collective farms are assigned in the amount of 50 percent of earnings up to 50 rubles a month and, in addition, 25 percent of the rest of the earnings. Minimum size old-age pension is set at 12 rubles per month. The maximum old-age pension is set at 102 rubles per month, that is, at the level of the maximum old-age pension provided by the Law on State Pensions for workers and employees permanently residing in rural areas and associated with agriculture.
All subsequent years, there is a gradual alignment of the pension provision of collective farmers with the provision of workers and employees, thanks to the outstripping growth rates of pensions for collective farmers.
Our forum is devoted to pension issues, and recently an excellent article by A. Krechetnikov appeared, which we publish on our portal of pensioners with virtually no changes (the changes are only aimed at adding reference material for ease of perception)
Retirement: from royal favor to natural lawWhat is a pension?
What is its moral and economic nature of the pension?
today word "pension"- one of the most popular in the modern world. Citizens are called thinking about retirement from 20 years old. In Europe and Russia, spears are breaking around raising the retirement age. Politicians and experts are arguing about the advantages and disadvantages of a solidarity and funded pension system...
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WHEN THE PENSION APPEARED
It's hard to believe, but the idea of universal state support old age (pensions) arose, by historical standards, yesterday.
For the first time the idea of providing pensions implemented in 1889 by German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, famous for the famous phrase: "Revolutions are powered not by the extreme demands of a minority, but by the unsatisfied legitimate aspirations of the majority." Contemporaries spoke in this connection of "Prussian socialism."
Before that, the world lived according to the laws of social Darwinism. The idea that everyone has the right to confidence in the future, for secure old age - old age pension that the state is obliged to take care of its citizens would seem strange to people. However, there were no citizens then either. There were subjects.
If a person did not have a fortune, children or church charity should have taken care of him in his old age.
There was a saying in Russia: "The first son is God, the second is the king, the third is his own food."
In the folklore of many peoples there is a similar plot: heartless people feed old people from a pig trough, they little son begins to cut something with a knife, the parents ask what he is doing, and the kid replies: "I'm making a trough - to feed you when you grow old."
Everything in the world has good and bad sides. According to many, the development of social security has reduced the birth rate and weakened family ties.
By royal decree
Of course, pensions were appointed even before Bismarck . But this was done on the basis of principles that had nothing to do with modern ideas about social justice. Pensions were not seen as a duty of the state , but as a royal favor, few got it, and, as a rule, those who were not in poverty anyway.
FOR THE FIRST TIME THE WORD "PENSION" (FROM LATIN PENSION - "PAYMENT")
appeared in the documents of the Paris Accounts Chamber during the reign of Louis XI in the second half of the 15th century and meant the amounts annually transferred to the first chamberlain of the English king Edward IV, William Hastings and other London dignitaries. Nowadays, such "pensions" called bribery.
According to reports, Chancellor Elizaveta Petrovna Alexei Bestuzhev received a "pension" from the British cabinet , and Talleyrand - from the Russian Tsar Alexander I.
See similar publications in the section Pension legislation
- Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of February 18, 2005 N 176 On the establishment of a monthly supplement to pensions for certain categories of pensioners
- On the establishment of a monthly supplement to pensions for certain categories of pensioners
- Law of the Russian Federation of February 12, 1993 N 4468-1 "On the provision of pensions for persons undergoing military service, service in the internal affairs bodies, the State fire service, bodies for control over the circulation of narcotic drugs and psychotropic substances, institutions and bodies of the penitentiary system, and their families "
1. Employment of military pensioners
- 2. What pension will military personnel have in 2012
The Prussian king Frederick the Great was famous for his generosity towards retired officers and non-commissioned officers of his army. True, he preferred large payments to regular payments. one-time rewards, which allowed the retirees to start a shop or a pub.
PENSIONS IN OLD RUSSIA
Like many other things, pensions in Russia were introduced by Peter I. Former tsars rewarded merit not with money, but with apodomestiy ishubs.
In Peter's decree About the pension for the former military "said:" Assign a worthy life maintenance, so as not to dishonor the honor of the uniform ".
True, there were few pensioners, since this measure did not affect the soldiers, and most of the officers were landowners and had funds.
Almost immediately after coming to power, in 1763, Catherine II ordered that 50,000 rubles be allocated annually for retirement to retired generals. By the end of her reign, the amount increased to 300 thousand rubles.
The appointment of a pension and its size in each case depended on the will of the monarchs. Griboyedovsky Famusov, recalling how important his late uncle Maxim Petrovich had at court, rhetorically asked: “Who takes you to the ranks, and gives you pensions? ".
Alexander I in 1803 commanded mandatory to pay a pension to officers who became disabled due to injury, if they have 20 years of service .
Pensions were the exclusive privilege of officers. Serf recruits who served 25 years were sent to their native villages. It was considered the moral duty of the landowner to help the honored warrior acquire a household and generally treat him with respect. Disabled people were determined for residence and food in monasteries. The state did not care about civilians at all.
For impeccable service to the throne
For the first time detailed pension legislation in Russia was adopted in Russia under Nicholas I, who loved order and strict regulation in everything.
In the preamble of the decree of December 6, 1827, it was said: "The rules according to which these rewards were hitherto made had neither proper certainty nor proportionality."
According to the Nikolaev law, all holders of class ranks, military and civilian, who have served for 25 years,
RECEIVED THE RIGHT TO A PENSION IN THE AMOUNT OF 50% OF THE SALARY, 35 YEARS - IN THE AMOUNT OF 100%.
If an officer or official retired due to illness, he was entitled to a third of the salary at 10 years of service, two-thirds at 20 years and a full salary at 30 years.
After his death, the pension was kept for life by the widow , and if she was not - for a son under 17 years old, or for a daughter under 21 years old or before marriage.
A prerequisite for the appointment of a pension was "immaculate service". A person "removed from office" for a misdemeanor had to start serving again with the loss of previous seniority, if they still take it. A person subjected to criminal prosecution generally lost entitlement to a pension, and only the emperor could restore it.
Thus, pension provision was, by modern standards, very generous, but covered only a small part of the population.
About how few bureaucratic pensioners there were, says that pension decision in each case signed personally by the minister of the relevant department.
In 1851, a decree was issued forbidding retired soldiers to settle in St. Petersburg and Moscow if they "do not have the opportunity to support themselves in positive ways."
Subsequently pension system in Russia has steadily expanded to include vast categories of people who are today called "state employees": low-ranking employees who did not have ranks, teachers of state educational institutions, medical staff of state hospitals, engineers and craftsmen, and since 1913, workers of state enterprises and railways . The main principle remained unchanged: the basis for the appointment of a pension was exclusively work for the state .
PENSION AFTER THE REVOLUTION
The Bolsheviks abolished the royal pensions in one fell swoop, but were in no hurry to introduce their own.
The overwhelming majority of Soviet workers did not receive old-age pensions 20 years, collective farmers - almost 40 years.
In August 1918 there were introduced pensions for the disabled Red Army, in 1923 - for the old Bolsheviks, in 1928 - for mining workers and the textile industry, in 1937 - for all urban workers and employees.
Wherein maximum pension under Stalin was 300 "old" rubles a month (30 rubles after the denomination of 1961), which was about a quarter of the average salary. Most pensioners received 40-60 rubles. It was absolutely impossible to live on such money without the support of relatives.
Nikita Khrushchev is usually credited for being " gave pensions to collective farmers ". In fact, the main significance of the reform of 1956 was that the townspeople received more or less decent pensions.
"Ranks, distinctions, pensions, the letter yat, God, property and the very right to live as you want - were canceled!"
Alexei Tolstoy, "Walking through the torment"
Soviet pension legislation, which remained almost unchanged until the collapse of the USSR, was simple. The pension was assigned to men at 60, women at 55, with 25 years and 20 years of service, respectively. and amounted to half the average salary of an employee for the last two or any five years of working life.
Usually, the administration went to meet people halfway and did everything to give the future pensioner in the last two years to receive as much as possible.
Soviet social scientists constantly debated the nature of the pension: is it social support for the disabled at the expense of new generations, or a "deferred" part of the salary?
The dispute, scholastic in Soviet conditions, was of great practical importance: in the second case, a person, in the presence of age and experience, had to have legal right to "his" pension, whether he works or not .
The state approached this issue practically and allowed to work with the preservation of pensions where there was a shortage of personnel, for example, in medicine.
PENSIONS
The "ceiling" of pensions in the USSR was 120 rubles a month.
The Soviet ruble was non-convertible, but if you take the official rate of the State Bank used for foreign trade transactions, and then convert dollars into modern rubles, you will get about four thousand - much less than modern Russian pensioners have. But not everyone received the maximum pension .
On the other hand, the Soviet Union maintained subsidized low prices for bread, milk, utilities, public transport, and movie tickets.
The maximum pension was about three-quarters of the average salary , or the salary of a young specialist.
Since pensioners did not have to spend money on children and equipping durable items (furniture, televisions and refrigerators in Soviet families served for decades), they often turned out to be better off than their adult children.
In times of "stagnation", as a rule, not children helped their parents, but pensioners "thrown money" to young and even not very young families.
Pensioners performed another key function under Soviet conditions. Having free time, they went shopping in the morning, stood in lines, made acquaintances with sellers, knew what, where and when they "throw away".
In a famous anecdote, a little boy heard the word "male" somewhere, and asked the teacher kindergarten, what it is. She answered: well, the female sits in the nest of the birds, and the male flies, brings food. The child thought for a second and gave out: it means that we have a male - a grandmother!
As for the collective farmers, Khrushchev's pension reform established the same pension for all of them at 12 rubles a month, which was approximately equal to the cost of four and a half kilograms of boiled sausage. In 1973 increased pension payments up to 20 rubles, and in 1987 - up to 50 rubles. Profitable collective farms were allowed to pay their former members pension supplements .
ELITE PENSIONS
- 1. retired military pensioners
- 2. holders of so-called personal pensions
For former officers "ceiling" military pension was twice as high than for civilians: 250 rubles per month in the army and the KGB, 220 rubles in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. It was allowed to work without any restrictions, and military pensioners were, by the standards of that time, very wealthy pensioners.
General's pensions started from 300 rubles per month . Marshals and generals of the army did not retire at all, but were transferred to the positions of general inspectors and inspector-advisers of the Ministry of Defense, where they retained full salaries, offices, assistants, personal cars with drivers, and practically no work was required.
Even the highest party nomenclature did not have such fabulous benefits. The group of general inspectors was popularly called the "paradise group".
Personal pensions first invented in 1923. In 1925, 1956 and 1977, the legislation was adjusted, and the personal pensions themselves were increased.
They were called so because they were appointed on an individual basis by special commissions for personal pensions under the executive authorities, and in fact - by the secretariats of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Central Committee of the Communist Parties of the Union republics or regional party committees.
Accordingly, there were three categories of personal pensioners:
- 1. federal pensioner
- 2. Republican pensioner
- 3. local pensioner.
Personal pensions received prominent scientists, old Bolsheviks, who "saw Lenin alive", heroes of the Soviet Union and Socialist Labor, full holders of the Order of Glory, but above all - bosses of various ranks.
A personal pension of federal significance was equal to 250 rubles per month, republican - 160 rubles, local - 140 rubles. In addition, such pensioners were paid one or two monthly "recovery" pensions annually.
The main advantage was not in money, but in a social package: the right to be treated in privileged hospitals and clinics of the 4th Main Directorate of the USSR Ministry of Health and purchase medicines for 20% of their cost, annual vouchers to a sanatorium, which the pensioner himself received free of charge, and his wife - at a significant discount free travel by public transport, and once a year by train, a 50% discount on utility bills.
Besides, personal pensioners , depending from the category of their personal pension , constantly or on holidays received "grocery orders" and could buy goods inaccessible to the rest of the population in closed distributors.
This privilege was not mentioned in official documents, but in the conditions of the USSR, where, for example, instant coffee was a big deficit, it was perhaps the most significant.
Full members of the USSR Academy of Sciences received an academic title bonus of 500 rubles per month, corresponding members - 400 rubles. It was paid for life and added first to the salary, and then to the pension.
Personal pension secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU was 300 rubles a month, the personal pension of a candidate member of the Politburo - 400 rubles, the personal pension of a member of the Politburo - 500 rubles. So much received, for example, Nikita Khrushchev. High-ranking retirees kept state dachas and cars with drivers.
The first secretary of the regional committee, leaving on a personal pension, received an apartment in Moscow . The desire to stay in his native city was not welcome.
When Stalin's daughter Svetlana Alliluyeva returned to the USSR from exile in 1984, she assigned a personal pension , gave a car with a driver and coupons for the Kremlin food, although she did not have not only special merits, but also the length of service prescribed by law.
Under Brezhnev, the privilege of the top authorities was not high pensions, but opportunity to retire until death. Members of the Politburo and secretaries of the Central Committee, who crossed the 65-year mark, were given three days off a week by a closed decree.
