Amber tree tear research work. Research work "Magic tears of trees." Amber jewelry

Municipal budgetary educational institution

secondary school with. Soviet

Municipal Scientific and Practical Conference of schoolchildren

"The world around us"

VillageSoviet

SchoolSecondary school Soviet

Class 4

Direction Science

Research

Topic: Amber- sun stone

Performed: Abramova Veronica

4th grade student.

Head: Gavrilina I.V.

primary school teacher

2016

Content

Introduction 3

Chapter 2. Extraction and use of amber 6

2.1. Amber Room 6

Chapter 3. The healing and practical properties of amber 8

Practical Part 7

Conclusion 9

Bibliography 10

Appendices 11

Introduction

In the summer, I very often spend time on the shores of our Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk and never pass by, which fell under the feet of amber. I collect it just like that, just in case, I suddenly want to make an crafts out of this bright golden stone. Before, I did not think about its origin, but once I wondered: Amber - what kind of stone? Where did he come from? Why do people collect it? Why is there so much of it on the seashore?

And I decided to find the answers to all these questions.

Goal:

Explore amber stone and learn interesting facts about its origin, explore the properties of amber and get answers to all my questions.

Tasks:

To study the literature on this topic;

Explore online sources on the subject;

Visit the gem exhibition;

Empirically explore the properties of amber;

Try to create artificial amber;

Research Methods:

1. Scientific - search

2. Research

3. Observation method

Chapter 1. The Origin of Amber

People learned to use amber 5-6 millennia ago, and attempts were repeatedly made to unravel the mystery of its origin.

Both in scientific works and in works of folklore, versions were proposed that were sometimes not inferior to each other in degree of fantasticness. Some researchers were convinced, for example, that amber was hardened oil, while others tended to consider it to be petrified honey of wild bees. It has also been suggested that it is sea foam, frozen under the influence of sunlight, the product of vital activity of forest ants, thickened “solar ether”, mountain oil ... And so on.

While science was searching for the truth, painstakingly collecting evidence, the people quickly explained everything in a miraculous, supernatural way.

Amber resembles a drop or a teardrop in its shape. In ancient Rome, it was believed that amber is the tears of the daughters of the sun god Gellios, who mourn their brother, who could not cope with his father’s chariot of fire and fell down from a great height. The sisters' tears fell into the water and froze.

There is another legend: about the underwater amber castle. There the sea king lived with his daughters. The youngest fell in love with a simple fisherman. The sea king was enraged and imprisoned his daughter in the amber tower, but the groom came for his beloved. The great battle stirred the seabed. The beloved died in an unequal battle, and the castle shattered into thousands of pieces. When a storm breaks out, the waves throw the fragments of the castle ashore and people have been collecting them for thousands of years.

There is a legend. In those days when there were still no people on Earth, and even time had not yet begun its non-stop run, there was an eternal day on earth, and there was eternal summer, because then two suns were shining in the sky. There was no darkness, there was no cold - only light and warmth. One sun was smaller and higher, while the second, large and heavy, shone almost above the earth itself. Once the sky could not stand the enormous weight of the big sun and accidentally dropped it, and it fell into the sea. Cold waves cooled it, and the sharp rocks on the seabed split it into small pieces. And on earth since then began a change of day and night, summer and winter, because one sun did not have time to simultaneously illuminate the Earth from all sides. And the sea began to ashore small pieces of amber, in each of which a drop of frozen sunlight still remains.

Conclusion: So, in all the legends and myths about the origin of amber, its pieces seem to carry some kind of news about the tragedy, a story about past events, encrypted information. In fact, this is what happens in reality - frozen drops of resin sometimes carry amazing discoveries, and even great discoveries. Both in scientific works and in works of folklore, versions were proposed that were sometimes not inferior to each other in degree of fantasticness.

Now, there is no longer any doubt that amber is a mineral of organic origin that belongs to typical resins.

For the first time, the scientist Mikhail Vasilievich Lomonosov scientifically explained the origin of amber.

Many millions of years BC there was extensive land in the northern part of the mainland. In those days, the climate was hot. Subtropical forests, similar to the jungle, covered the entire mainland and descended to the stormy rivers and the coast of the sea. There were frequent disasters on earth. Strong storms and hurricanes fell down trees. The sky threw lightning, from this there were frequent fires. Under the influence of fires and scorching rays of the sun, the resin of various trees stood out and accumulated, mainly pine trees. Ants, mosquitoes, tiny spiders, blades of grass and twigs of plants often turned out to be walled up in petrified ancient resins. Rivers and streams gradually washed away clods of tar from the earth and carried them to the mouth of a large river flowing into the sea.

Conclusion: Amber is a fossil resin of trees that grew in the distant past, which, under the influence of natural factors, hardened and turned into stone.

Chapter 2. Extraction and use of amber

One of the largest deposits is located on the Baltic Sea coast near the village of Amber, where stones of different colors are found: from almost white to red-brown, of different sizes. Found a piece weighing up to 12 kg, several pieces up to 5 kg;

The quarry where amber is mined is located on the very shore of the sea. The stone is separated from the ground, cleaned and dried. After sorting, the best amber falls into the hands of the master. The master cuts it with a special knife, polishes it, polishes it, and rubs it with a special composition of amber chips, paraffin and chalk. Amber is a very fragile material. It is very difficult to work with him. It takes a lot of skill. The art of carvers seems fantastic. The most skilled carvers lived in China. What they did not make from amber: exquisite jewelry, vessels, vases, decorated with a whole round dance of beautifully carved figures.

We find small placers of dark orange amber on the shores of our sea at the mouths of the Ay and Nayba rivers.

Rivers from the valley carry a “sun stone” into the cold waters of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk, which after every storm generously shares its treasures with us. Sakhalin amber, called “Sakhalinite”, attracted the attention of jewelers with its original rich color - black long leaf tea with dark cherry additives. So the geologists who studied Sakhalin amber initially determined the color. And in their opinion, he surpasses other amber in the territory of the country in its jewelry qualities. It is believed that Sakhalin amber is more mature, hardened by the harsh Pacific Ocean, whose age is about 100 million years.

Conclusion: The process of extraction and processing of amber is laborious and interesting. A real master can make amber just fabulous things.The heyday of amber fashion dates back to the early 18th century. In the 18th century, they learned from amber to make not only jewelry, but also cups, church utensils, chess, chandeliers, mirror frames and other amazing things. At this time, one of the wonders of the world was created - the amber room.

2.1. the Amber Room

The Amber Room was created by a Danish craftsman commissioned by King Frederick.I. The walls of the Amber Room were covered with carved amber panels. The ceiling was decorated with amber plafonds, and the atmosphere was complemented by numerous objects carved from amber. Everyone entering the king’s amber cabinet fell into a fairy tale. The walls flickered with honey tints. The mirrors in amber decorated with crystal sparkles glittered with thousands of sparks. Pictures of famous masters were inserted into amber panels. It is not surprising that this magic room made a great impression on the Russian Tsar PeterI. And then the Prussian king presented this room as a gift to the Russian Tsar. PeterI took her to Petersburg, and then she was transported to the Tsar’s village Elizabeth and placed in the Catherine’s Palace. The amber room was remade and supplemented several times. The Amber Room was one of the ceremonial halls of the Catherine Palace and was rightly considered one of the wonders of the world. During World War II, the Nazis stole the amber room and took it to Koenigsberg. The stolen amber panels and doors were mounted in one of the halls of the Konigsberg castle and became the best decoration of the museum that worked there. During the retreat of the German troops, the room was dismantled and taken out in 1945 in an unknown direction. At the end of the 70s, it was decided to restore the Amber Room. The restoration of the Amber Room lasted 23 years. The official opening of the Amber Room took place on the day of celebrations in honor of the 300th anniversary of St. Petersburg. To restore the Amber Room, stone was used from the Kaliningrad deposit. The largest nugget used for recovery weighed 1 kilogram.

The museum life of the Amber Room is of constant interest to thousands of tourists visiting Tsarskoye Selo daily. Recreating the Amber Room is very important to the story.

Chapter 3. The healing and practical properties of amber

Amber is called the magic resin of an ancient forest, a sun stone. It attracts people's attention with its unique beauty. From ancient times, it was believed that amber has magical powers and therefore was a talisman from evil spirits, enemies, ill-wishers, small children put a bead under the mattress or hid an amber pin in their clothes. A small amber jewelry was often more expensive than a young slave in a slave market. Petrified resin medicines and decorations were recommended for a wide range of diseases. Amulets and talismans were made of it, bringing happiness and prosperity, protecting from evil spirits and diseases.

I also decided to make amber a talisman that will bring happiness to my family.

Part 2. The practical part

Various amazing things from amber can be made, thanks to its properties. In the practical part of my work, I experimentally explore the properties of amber:

Experience 1. I dropped amber into a glass of salt water, it “hung”.

Conclusion: This explains why there is so much amber on the seashore. Amber becomes lighter in salt water and salt water pushes it to the surface. (see Attachment)

Experience 2. I took a small piece of amber, brought it to the fire of a match. Amber began to melt, and then caught fire. When burning, black smoke was released and a pleasant smell appeared, which means that amber melts and burns, while emitting a smell. This experience confirms the origin of amber (see appendix).

Conclusion: At high temperature, amber, burning, emits the aroma of pines. Even in antiquity it was used as incense. Now amber is used not only as an aromatic agent, but even a medicine is made from it. Knowing this property, the Germans called amber "Bernstein" (fire stone).

Experience 3. Let’s try to cut, polish and polish it.

Having done this, we saw how amber can be easily processed: it is cut, polished and polished. But one should not forget that amber is a fragile stone, and its processing requires special skills and craftsmanship. (See. Appendix)

Conclusion: Amber is easy to process. Due to this property, stone is widely used in the jewelry industry. Jewelry and other amazing things are made from it.

Experience 4. Let's try to create artificial amber using epoxy. We dilute the resin with the hardener, add inclusions (spangles, dried flowers). A day later, our resin froze and turned out to be a beautiful stone.

Conclusion:

Experience 5. Put pieces of amber in a tin can, put on a stove and cover with a lid.

Conclusion:

Conclusion

The history of amber began in the distant 16th century in Babylon and continues to this day. Until now, the secrets and mysteries of amber are of interest to scientists. Having studied the literature on this topic, experimentally exploring the properties of amber, I learned a lot of new and interesting things. I shared my knowledge with my comrades, it was very interesting to them. We are surrounded by many surprising things, and sometimes we do not pay attention to it. And starting to explore, we learn a lot of new and interesting. People love amber not only for their beauty, but they see in it, as before, their protector, who brings them happiness and protects them from many troubles. No wonder they say that in the piece of amber lies the great power of the Sun, which he gives to his impulse of creativity, strengthens physical strength. The healing properties of amber were already known in ancient times. In some primitive tribes, amber items were used in magical rites. Amber amulets were worn to protect themselves from disease, from death in battle. People believed that amber “draws” disease from the body and “attracts” luck. It was believed that amber jewelry averts trouble, protects from the evil eye, brings success in love affairs, makes a person stronger and smarter ...
Of course, the possibilities of amber here are greatly exaggerated, but something is not denied by modern science.
Of course, amber has a beneficial effect on the nervous system, its “sunny” color is pleasing to the eye, and touching a warm smooth surface not only gives pleasure, but also helps to concentrate and gives self-confidence. I think that made by usamber talisman, I and my family will also bring happiness and good luck. Studying other stones that we meet in everyday life, I decided to continue my research. I think that I learn a lot of new and interesting, because much that surrounds us is made of stone or with its participation.

I am grateful to my teacher Irina Vasilievna, head of the school library Elena Ivanovna, and, of course, to my mom and dad for their help, advice in arranging work, selecting literature, preparing material, conducting experiments.

Bibliography:

Kulikov A.N., Gurlyand S.G. with the participation of Gurlyand G.A. Tell me why? M .: Bagheera, 1995.

Lebedinsky V.I. In the wonderful world of stone, M .: Nedra, 1985.

Klenov A.S. Kids about minerals. M .: Pedagogy-Press, 2000

Kulikov B.F., Bukanov V.V. Dictionary of Gemstones, L .: Nedra, 1988.

Used material from the Internet:

http:// geoclub. narod. ru/ yantar/ main. htm

http:// jantar- samocvet. narod. ru/

Applications

Experience No. 1

Amber becomes lighter in salt water and pushes it to the surface.

Experience No. 2

Amber began to melt, and then caught fire. When burning, black smoke was released and a pleasant smell appeared.

Experience No. 3

Amber is easy to process.

Experience No. 4

Amber can be obtained artificially with a rather interesting unique pattern.

Experience No. 5

Amber melts, so small pieces can be glued together, getting more usable.

XIII City competition of research and design work of students

1st-8th grades “Intellectuals of the 21st Century”

Amber - magic tears of trees

Geology (research work)

Grade 4, MBOU secondary school No. 75,

Scientific adviser:

Sergeeva Evgenia Evgenievna,

primary school teacher

Chelyabinsk, 2018

Introduction ……………………………………………………………………… .. 3

The main part: ………………………………………………………………… .... 4-10

Chapter 1. Conditions for the formation of amber ………………………………… .......... 4-5

How and where is they mined ……………………………………………… ..5-6

The use of amber ............................. 6-8

Chapter 2. A variety of amber ………………………………………… 9-10

Conclusion (Conclusion) ……………………………………………………………… .... 11

Literature ………. …………………………………………………………………. 12

Appendices ………………………………………………………………… .12-21

Introduction

The theme of my work was chosen for a reason. Once I saw a brooch with a stone in the shape of a fly near my mother [p.21], but when I began to look at this brooch, I saw that there were some small particles in the stone. There I found a small wing. How could it be there? It was a mystery to me, and then from my mother I learned that amber is a frozen resin. I really liked this stone in color, in structure, in sensations, it was not like not one other stone that I had ever seen and felt (it is soft). Amber is a hardened resin that stores the smell of the forest, the brilliance of the sun. And then I became interested, how is this hardened resin? How many secrets does this stone hold?

Purpose of work: to collect as much interesting material about amber as possible; to study how resin turns into amber; convey a description of this amazing stone.

Hypothesis: At the beginning of the 18th century, there was a hypothesis that amber came from the combination of oil with mineral acids.

Object of study - semiprecious stone amber.

Subject- amber as a mineral of organic origin, belonging to typical resins.

Tasks:

1. To study the literature on this topic;

2. Describe the conditions for the formation of amber;

2.1. How and where is mined.

2.2. The use of amber.

3. Consider the varieties of amber;

4. Draw appropriate conclusions on the material studied.

Conditions for the formation of amber.

The first scholar to prove that amber is a petrified resin of trees was the Roman writer Pliny the Elder [p. thirteen]. He drew attention to the tar smell and the smoky flame released during the burning of amber, as well as to the fact that frozen amber often contains frozen insects and plant particles. Later, German scientists tried to challenge this conclusion. So, for example, the famous natural scientist Georg Agricola argued that amber is formed in the bowels of the Earth from a liquid tar substance, which, when it leaks onto its surface, congeals. There was a hypothesis that amber came from the combination of oil with mineral acids, while others tended to consider it to be petrified honey of wild bees. It has also been suggested that it is sea foam, frozen under the influence of sunlight, the product of vital activity of forest ants, thickened “solar ether”, mountain oil, earthly fat ... And so on.

There were many hypotheses, which is not surprising. Amber, after all, is not only completely different from other gems, but also in itself showed such a variety of shapes, textures, structures, sizes, showed such a wealth of shades, possessed such unusual chemical and physical properties that in the old days it often confused researchers. And in fact - what it is: in a fire it burns like coal, crackling and smoking; when heated without access, air melts; during friction it is electrified; in salt water, individual varieties of amber are in suspension - they swim. In addition, inside some pieces of amber you can see a variety of insects. How did they get there? After all, amber is most often found on the seashore, and butterflies and flies, as you know, have never been found in the sea ...

Amber has been known to man since ancient times. The ability of amber to attract hairs, fluffs and other materials of a similar type was one of the first manifestations of electricity, a natural force, the name of which came from the Greek word "electron" - amber.

Amber burns with a tarry smell, so it is called: “sacrum” - resin, “burnt” (Ukraine), “Bernstein” (Germany), “electron” (Greek). Amber was well known in Ancient Russia. He was called the Alatyr or Lat-stone and attributed to him miraculous power.

Modern scientists have proved that amber is a child of unusual moist forests, where pines, sequoias, oaks, palm trees and vines coexisted, which about 40-45 million years ago grew on the vast territory of the southern part of the Scandinavian Peninsula and the shores of the Baltic Sea. Climate change during that period caused abundant resin flow of trees. The trunks of these trees were so covered with streams of resin that it hung from them like icicles of ice. Tar nemki not always turned into amber. Most often, they fell to the ground and gradually decomposed. The resin dried and oxidized - in general, after a few thousand years, nothing remained of it.

It turned into amber only when it solidified, fell into the water, most likely into a lake or sea, where it was reliably sheltered from further changes and damage (erosion). Over time, the waves again threw the golden lump onto the shore, often blowing away from the place where the tree that had given rise to it once grew.

Therefore, knowing the location of the find, we cannot confidently talk about its origin.

Amber has always attracted not only jewelers and lovers of beauty, but also researchers of extinct bugs and insects, since the petrified resin of prehistoric trees preserved the remains of animals and the remains of plants that inhabited the planet millions of years ago. Biologists are trying to decipher evidence of the distant past. This drama, frozen in amber, has occupied scientists at all times; it was played 125 million years ago. To the delight of scientists, amber is a fossil resin preserved to this day. The shape of a piece of amber was determined by where the resin-gum came from. This occurred either inside or on the surface of the trunk of a damaged tree. With abundant release, the resin flowed in the form of drops, icicles, sag. Amber has an amazing property. Small animals, especially insects and arachnids, are preserved in it for tens of millions of years without external changes. Flies, mosquitoes, ants, bugs, spiders adhering to its surface were flooded with the second and third inflow. Larger insects, not to mention amphibians, escaped from tar captivity, leaving some parts of their body, most often limbs.

Amber helps scientists to comprehend the distant past. Each of these pieces of resin can be compared with the chronicle, which contains another chapter from the history of the Earth. It tells, as a rule, about the life of tiny beetles, spiders, moths, about the forests and meadows where they lived.

1.1. How and where is it mined?

The most ancient method of mining amber is to collect it on the sea coast. For a long time, the method remained the only one. Later, when people noticed that amber, along with bunches of algae, rises to the surface of the water, there was another way - they began to catch pieces with netting. Still later, boats began to go over the sun to the sea [p. 14-15].

The world's largest amber deposit is located in Russia in the Kaliningrad region. Today, the Kaliningrad Amber Plant produces amber near the village of Yantarny (formerly Palmniken), where about 90% of the world's amber reserves are concentrated, whose age is about 50 million years.

The brightest object is the amber pyramid [p. fifteen]. It is located near the quarry, which belongs to the largest amber plant in the world, mining this “sun stone”. It is located in the village of Yantarny in the Kaliningrad region. The opening of a kind of monument took place in 2012 and was timed to coincide with the 65th anniversary of the amber factory. It is alleged that this is the largest building of “sun stone” on earth. About 500 kilograms of amber are laid out on a wooden frame of beams and shields, and not cheap “crumbs”, but high-quality high-quality stone of various colors - white, green, yellow, black. The lower part of the pyramid is lined with darker grades, the upper - lighter.

The people already say that the Amber Pyramid cures diseases thanks to the formation of special energy flows inside.

Amber deposits are found on all continents.
Amber finds are quite common, but it is not common everywhere.

The main locations of amber:

Baltic coast

Prussian coast.

The west coast of Denmark, the coast of the Arctic Ocean.

From time to time, amber was found in Siberia, Kamchatka, Finland, Portugal, Spain, France, and Holland.

Particularly beautiful amber, bright fiery color, is located in Sicily on the northern coast of Africa and Mexico.

Palm on the wealth of sunstone belongs to the Baltic coast. Some of the highest quality and finest stones are mined here, and in large quantities. The main exporters of amber are Latvia, Lithuania, Russia, Poland. Amber is mined in Burma, France, Germany, Holland, Czech Republic, Sweden, and Sicily. There are other deposits.

The largest pieces of 5 to 15 kg were found off the coast of the Baltic Sea. According to approximate estimates of specialists in Kaliningrad, in the village of Yantarny, up to 80% of the global stock of amber wealth is concentrated. The second largest field is in Mexico, on the Yucatan Peninsula. Amber is found in China, Japan. Sometimes sunstone is found in Siberia, Kamchatka, Finland, Portugal, Spain and some other countries.

1.2. The use of amber.

Touching it is very pleasant and therefore, since ancient times, people like amber. In appearance, it resembles precious stones - yellow topaz, hyacinth and others - and at the same time - honey and resin, and by the association of thoughts - the smell of the forest and the sun, the charm and simplicity of nature.

At all times, artists and jewelers performed amber products diligently and lovingly, without too much haste.

It is because of the unique artistic qualities of the sun stone that artists and sculptors created one of the most beautiful and mysterious wonders of the world - the amber room. They found the opportunity to create amazingly beautiful artistic things (jewelry, cameos, panels) and often in combination with other materials, artistic objects (vases, cutlery, chess, hilt of swords and swords, decorative tables), [p. 17]. Everything was amber in this room: vases, caskets, caskets, ship models, shelves, mirror frames [p. 16-18].

Amber varnish is also prepared from amber.
Succinic acid is used in medicine, in cosmetology and agronomy. Scientists have proved the usefulness of amber for the human body. Amber has been used in cosmetics and perfumes since the time of the Egyptian pharaohs. It is added to medical toothpaste and soap.

The healing properties of amber:
From ancient times it was believed that amber cures almost all diseases. Lithotherapists still actively use amber in medical practice.
The stone has a beneficial effect on the whole organism as a whole, helping with joint diseases, with varicose veins and even with various neoplasms, including malignant ones. Amber is a stone of organic origin, which is probably why it can fight many diseases.

Amber treat:

Thyroid disease;

Upper respiratory tract diseases;

Muscle and joint pain;

Headache;

Rheumatic pains;
Cosmetic action;
Stress, chronic fatigue;
Diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

If you wear a stone on your body in the form of amber beads, then you can normalize the pressure and improve immunity [p. 18].

I was interested in whether my classmates know that in nature there is a stone - amber. After which I conducted a survey among my classmates. I asked them the following questions:

1. Are they familiar with amber stone?

2. How and where did amber come from?

3. Can they name amber deposits?

4.What types of amber are you familiar with?

5. What products can be made of amber?

The survey was attended by 26 people, 23 of them are familiar with stone - amber, 12 people have amber products (someone's grandmother's beads, bracelets, earrings and even key chains). Eighteen people roughly know where amber came from. Of course, almost all of my classmates called the amber deposit Russia. But later I explained to them that the deposits of amber are still America, Ukraine, Denmark, Portugal, Finland, Spain. When I asked them a question about amber varieties, unfortunately, only 2 people knew. But everyone knew about amber products, that is, 26 people.

Conclusion: since my classmates know very little about amber, I decided to make a presentation about this stone. And after that I presented them my work, which is dedicated to - amber!

2. Varieties of amber.

Nature endowed amber with a huge wealth of colors. Amber experts count about 350 shades. There are unique finds in which almost all the colors of the rainbow are found. The color of amber varies from almost white and light yellow to red-brown and almost black. Brown and black varieties are colored with mineral inclusions, for example, iron oxides, pyrite or organic substances. Stones of the color of thick tea with a cherry shade are very appreciated. And in Sicily they extract emerald green, bluish and even purple amber. Blue amber is very rare. It is harder than other types of amber, difficult to process and its cost is very high.

Striped amber is found in Japan; it looks like agate. All colors are due to the origin of amber and impurities in it.

The amber hardness on the Mohs scale is in the range from 2 to 3. For comparison: the hardness of gypsum is 2, quartz is 7, and diamond is 10. Amber is brittle, easily breaks from impact or when dropped, but at the same time it is plastic. And this is a very valuable quality, thanks to which the stone lends itself well to machining. Amber can be sawn, cut, drilled, ground, polished. When heated, it first softens, and then, at a temperature of 287 - 360 0 C, it melts. This property is used for incandescence and pressing. The absence of a specific melting point indicates amorphous amber, i.e. Amber has not crystalline, but amorphous structure. Amber differs in form, color and degree of transparency. The sizes of pieces and pieces of amber from 1 mm to several kilograms, the most common - 0.2-0.3 kg. The cloudier the stone, the lower its value.

There are several types of amber:

Succinite (Baltic amber) - the most famous and widespread variety, which makes up 98% of amber on the market. The remaining resins are considered amber-like, but they are no less beautiful [p. 19].

Glessit - opaque amber with a brown tint [p. 19].

Bockerite - opaque and resilient amber having a dark color [p. 20].

Stantienite - amber of black color, a rather fragile variety [p.20].

Baltic amber is divided into grades:

Batter (transparent), smoky (translucent), cloudy (translucent in thin chips), bone (white, similar to ivory), red (opaque), layered (white), foamy (porous and lightest, reminiscent of frozen foam) contaminated (gray to black) and stripping (red, with a thick crust of oxidation). Amber with inclusions (inclusions from the remains of insects, plants, bark, needles) have always been of special value. Such inclusions of fauna and flora are of great interest to scientists. In Chiapas (Mexico), the Hidden Stone Museum has about 10,000 specimens with inclusions.

Conclusion (Conclusion).

We came to the conclusionthat amber is a valuable ornamental material. What beauty can be created from amber and with its help!

The value of amber is multifaceted: from its use in the manufacture of varnish for musical instruments to the manufacture of devices in medicine, electrical engineering, as well as the use of amber in perfumes and cosmetics.

Thus, amber was born from the magic tears of trees, which is still one of the most beautiful and alluring works of nature.

And we can safely say that the unique role of amber in human life is undeniable.

Literature.

Sobolevsky V.I. “Wonderful Minerals” - M .: Education; 1983

Srebrodolsky B.I. Amber. - M .: Nauka, 1984.- 112 pp., Ill .- (Series "Man and the Environment")

Children's encyclopedia "I know the world." 30 mysteries of our world. - Publisher: AST, - 2009, p. 204

Kostyashova Z.V. Baltic gem / / Science and life. - No. 5. - 1999 - p. 43.

Nikiforova L.V. “Walls“ flowing with milk and honey ”Towards the reconstruction of the Amber Office of the Tsarskoye Selo Palace // History of Petersburg. - 2002 - No. 4 (8).

http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber.

https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amber Factory

https://okaratah.com ›Organic› Amber

www.ambery.ru/mestorog/

project.moya-planeta.ru/amber/

Application.

The first scientist to prove that amber is petrified resin.

Amber mining

Amber Pyramid

Amber jewelry

the Amber Room

Amber for treatment

Varieties of Amber:

Succinite (Baltic amber)

Glessit

Bockerite

Stantienite

As you can see, each variety of amber has a certain color and transparency.

My amber!

Municipal budgetary educational institution

secondary school №5

=========================================================

Research

Amber - magic tears of trees

Prepared by: Beloglazova Zlata , student of grade 4b

Head: Lebedeva Natalya Nikolaevna ,

primary school teacher

nelidovo

Tver region

Introduction

I hold unusual stones in my hand. And they are unusual in that their origin is associated with living organisms. For example, chalk, consists of the remains of small animals that once lived on Earth. The animals died, but their skeletons, shells remained. Coal is also a very interesting stone, which was formed from the remains of plants that had long disappeared from the face of the earth.

What is amber? And why do people of antiquity and modern people with the same love and attention relate to this natural miracle?

Amber is the most mysterious treasure of our planet. Where did this unique stone come from, balancing somewhere on the verge between the living and the dead? Who and for what purpose bestowed upon them the Earth?It may well be that amber is one of the first gems that ancient people used as jewelry and for medicinal purposes. In any case, he was often found in the cave sites of an ancient man and in Neolithic monuments ...

Since people learned to use amber - and this happened at least 5-6 millennia ago - there have been repeated attempts to unravel the mystery of its origin, myths and legends have been composed.Let's try to consider amber from all sides and understand the secret of its attraction.

I wondered: If this is amber, then what is it? Where did he come from? Why do people collect it?

And I decided to find out.

purpose of work : find out what amber is.

Research objectives :

learn from the Internet about amber;

go on an excursion to the Karat store;

find out why amber attracts people's attention;

conduct experiments with amber.

Hypothesis : suppose it is petrified resin of ancient trees or it is frozen bee honey.

Object of study: the origin, properties and use of amber.

Subject of study: natural (natural amber)

Main part

2.1 Origin of Amber

The first scientist to prove that amber is a petrified resin of trees was the Roman writer Pliny the Elder. He drew attention to the tar smell and the smoky flame released during the burning of amber, as well as to the fact that frozen amber often contains frozen insects and plant particles.

Therefore, knowing the location of the find, we cannot confidently talk about its origin.

The scene was coniferous forest. Let's look at one of the trees. A small bug is crawling along its trunk, stubbornly fingering its legs. He is looking for something, looking out. Similar insects still humbly make their way along the rough bark of pines and fir trees, looking for, for example, cracks to lay eggs in them .. Suddenly their little body twitches, but in vain, not to leave. Glued, legs landed in resin sag. Trees secrete tar to heal their wounds - cracks. In a golden viscous resin, the life of a beetle ends ... but its suffocated body does not dissolve, does not disappear.

The resin has several specific properties - viscosity, stickiness, which can under certain conditions persist for many millions of years.

To the delight of scientists, amber is a fossil resin preserved to this day.

And then the tree collapsed. A stream grabbed a piece of tar, carried it to the sea, the waves threw it ashore ... This was repeated many times. Sometimes this lump fell into the abyss, sometimes it settled on the ledge of a young mountain range. As time went. The climate and appearance of our planet, its flora and fauna have changed. 125 million years have passed.

People appeared on earth, they accidentally found a beautiful transparent lump of resin, glowing with gold. Inside it, like a rare piece of jewelry, a tiny bug was getting dark. Amber went to the museum, and from there to the laboratory. Here, from under a thick, viscous mass, a small bug saved by resin was removed. Biologists set to work!

Because of its beauty and unique coloring, amber is one of the first places among other stones - gems. The amber palette contains all the colors of the rainbow.

The sun stone, as amber is also called, fascinates, warms with its endless variety of colors: shades of ivory, gold, milky white, light yellow, dark brown, light blue, greenish, only Sicilian is emerald, bluish and purple.

Its transparency is also very different, there are pieces completely matte, but there are completely clear and clean, like water. Amber is found in pieces, often having the shape of a leaked liquid - like tar on trees, and sometimes a blunt, round, pineal, flattened shape.

In nature, amber occurs in small grains and in large pieces, sometimes reaching several kilograms. It is extremely light, fragile, easy to grind and polish.

So amber is a mineral of organic origin. This is a petrified resin of coniferous trees that grew 30-60 million years ago. After their death, conifers fell into marine sediments, where wood turned into brown coals, and resin into amber. Brown coal was destroyed, and amber accumulated in the remains of decomposition, called "bluish-green earth", from which it was then washed away by the waves of the sea.

2.3. How and where amber is mined?

As mentioned above, 40-45 million years ago, climate change on the planet caused abundant resin outflow of trees. The resin was oxidized with atmospheric oxygen, covered with a thick crust and, in this form, accumulated in the soil of ancient forests. Rivers and streams gradually washed out hardened clods of tar from the earth and carried them to the mouth of a large river that flowed into the ancient sea, located on the territory of the modern Kaliningrad region.

The most ancient method of mining amber is to collect it on the sea coast. For a long time, the method remained the only one. Later, when people noticed that amber, along with bunches of algae, rises to the surface of the water, there was another way - they began to catch pieces with netting. Even later, people began to go out in boats to the sea behind the sun stone.

The brightest object is the amber pyramid. She it is located near the quarry, which belongs to the largest amber plant in the world, mining this “sun stone”. It is located in the village of Yantarny in the Kaliningrad region. The opening of a kind of monument took place in 2012 and was timed to coincide with the 65th anniversary of the amber factory. It is alleged that this is the largest building of “sun stone” on earth. About 500 kilograms of amber are laid out on a wooden frame of beams and shields, and not cheap “crumbs”, but high-quality high-quality stone of various colors - white, green, yellow, black. The lower part is lined with darker varieties, the upper - lighter.

The people already say that the Amber Pyramid cures diseases thanks to the formation of special energy flows inside.

Amber deposits are found on all continents.
Amber finds are quite common, but it is not common everywhere. In addition to the powerful Baltic deposits, amber is known in many places: on Southern Sakhalin, the Urals, Pechora, and the northern coast of the Arctic Ocean.

Amber-colored or similar fossil resins are found in Romania (brown-yellow, almost black romanite), in Sicily (garnet-red simetite), and in Upper Burma (yellow, brownish, red birmit). But these deposits are small.

Residents of the Baltic states call it a piece of sunlight or a sun stone.

2.4. The use of amber in art

At all times, artists and jewelers performed amber products diligently and lovingly, without too much haste and fuss. They found the opportunity to create amazingly beautiful artistic things (jewelry, cameos, panels) and often in combination with other materials, artistic objects (vases, cutlery, chess, hilt of swords and swords, decorative tables).

It is because of the unique artistic qualities of the sun stone that artists and sculptors created one of the most beautiful and mysterious wonders of the world - the Amber Room. Everything in this room was amber: vases, caskets, caskets, ship models, shelves, mirror frames.

Practical work with amber

It became interesting to me how it is possible to define natural (natural amber) or not. I learned that amber is of vegetable origin, which means you can do the following simple experiments with it to make sure that amber is natural.

Experience 1. Swimming amber in salt water or the so-called water procedures

Density . According to literature data, the density of amber ranges from 0.97 to 1.25 g / cm 3. The density of amber approximately corresponds density of sea water. Amber drowns in fresh water, and floats in salt water. Therefore, it is so easily thrown to the surface from the bottom of the sea.

A test with amber swimming in salt water is not possible if the amber is framed in metal and decorated with heavy elements from other materials.

How to prepare a saline solution?

Add 8-10 tablespoons of table salt to a glass of water. If you need a large volume of water, make a supersaturated solution (with undissolved crystals of sodium chloride at the bottom of the vessel). Natural (natural amber) should pop up. Fakes in such a solution drown. After the experiment, natural (natural amber) needs to be washed in fresh water and dried.

Experience 2. The smell of friction and combustion

Vigorous friction of natural (natural amber) on a fabric or palm to a significant increase in the temperature of the stone will help to feel a faint, resinous aroma resembling the smell of pine or turpentine. Any synthetics gives itself a sharp chemical smell.

It is possible to set fire to natural (natural amber). This is what we should see if it is natural (natural amber). Amber begins to burn 3 seconds after contact with fire. On fire, the burning of amber is accompanied by a surprisingly pleasant - as if clove - smell.If it is kept on fire for another 2 seconds, and then taken away from the flame, then it will continue to burn on its own rather intensively. In the hearth of combustion, natural (natural amber) is boiling. Smoke from natural (natural amber) is black. As soon as the burning amber is extinguished, the remainder of the smoke emitted by the heated shard of amber will amaze with the purity of its whiteness.

Eventually...
When you buy amber jewelry in the store, you will not always have the opportunity to do such experiments. The seller simply will not allow spoiling the decoration with a hot needle or sharp metal edge.
However, nothing will hinder a detailed examination of the amber jewelry! I learned from additional literature that if the seller has a detector of fake notes, you can ask him to check amber for luminescence. A respectable merchant should not refuse.

In the light of an ultraviolet lamp, amber luminesces to one degree or another. In transparent samples, a bluish glow of different intensities is visible. With a decrease in the transparency of the stone, the glow effect weakens. Smoky translucent amber luminesces in a pale blue color. Untreated amber with the so-called sugar crust luminesces in brown tones.

Common sense and a little theory will help to understand a situation where there is natural (natural amber) and where artificial amber.

The chance to buy a fake will be reduced to a minimum.

Conclusion

Amber was born from the magic tears of trees. Nature generously endowed amber with all its colors and shades. It symbolizes the sun and beauty, personifies the energy of the Earth. But he is in no hurry to give us his secrets. He still remains a mystery to us and is one of the most beautiful and alluring works of nature.

Thus:

having studied literature, I learned what amber is;

learned how to use amber;

learned why amber attracts the attention of a person;

conducted experiments to study the properties of amber, and was convinced that amber burns, melts, emits a delicate coniferous aroma, does not sink in salt water, attracts light objects like a magnet.

5. List of used literature

Sobolevsky V.I. “Wonderful Minerals” - M .: Education; 1983

Lebedinsky V.I. In the wonderful world of stone, M .: Nedra, 1985.

Kulikov B.F., Bukanov V.V. Dictionary of Gemstones, L .: Nedra, 1988.

Used material from the Internet:

http: // geoclub .narod .ru / yantar / main .htm

Conclusion

Bibliography

Radikovskaya Anna, Grade 2

Project Manager:

Zaitseva Olga Vladimirovna

Institution:

MBOU "Secondary school No. 96", Samara

In his research work around the world "Amber - magic tears of trees" I plan to collect interesting material about amber and prove its value to people and its role in human life. I will talk about one of the most amazing materials created by nature and time.

Amber is one of the most beautiful and alluring works of nature. I was very interested in this wonderful natural material.

Therefore, I decided to conduct a fascinating research work (project) on the world around me in an elementary school on the theme "Amber - the magic tears of trees", to expand my knowledge and the knowledge of classmates in this area.

During the research project on the surrounding world on the theme "Amber - the magic tears of trees" of a primary school student, work is carried out to study the literature on the research topic, the value of amber and its role in human life is determined, the value of amber as a natural material in human life is proved.

Introduction
1. What is amber?
2. The use of amber
2.1. Amber treatment
2.2. the Amber Room
3. How and where amber is mined
Conclusion conclusions
List of used literature.
Job applications

Introduction

- a frozen resin that stores the smell of the forest, the brilliance of the sun, the charm of nature. But not so simple!

Thousands of secrets and mysteries are hidden in the depths of amber. People have always admired amber, as a reward creating from it some of the most wonderful works of art.

For many hundreds of years, amber has helped the scientific world to solve many mysteries of the evolution of the animal and plant world and better understand the history of our planet.

Already in the 4th millennium BC Amber was widely used by the inhabitants of the Baltic coast. They learned how to process it - to grind, saw, drill, and create various jewelry and amulets in the form of figures of humans and animals.

Object of study - amber.

Subject of study - the value of amber for people and the possibility of its use.

Study objectives - to collect as much interesting material as possible about amber, to prove its value to people.

Tasks:
- study the literature on the research topic;
- to study what value is amber and its role in human life;
- prove that amber is a valuable natural material in human life.

Research hypothesis: Amber is a highly valuable natural material.

What is amber?

Let's try to consider amber from all sides and understand the secret of its attraction.

Is a petrified resin of trees.
Modern scientists have proved that amber is a child of unusual moist forests, where pines, sequoias, oaks, palm trees and vines coexisted, which about 40-45 million years ago grew on the vast territory of the southern part of the Scandinavian Peninsula and the shores of the Baltic Sea.

Climate change during that period caused abundant resin flow of trees. Upon contact with water, the resin hardened to form pieces.

brittle, but ductile, combustible, consists of carbon (78%), oxygen (11%) and hydrogen (10%)

Amber helps scientists to comprehend the distant past. Each of these pieces of resin can be compared with the chronicle, which contains another chapter from the history of the Earth.

Touching it is very pleasant and therefore, since ancient times, people like amber.

Its colorfulness - from wine red to milky white, transparency, easy polishability, comparative hardness and structure, allowing carving, turning, sawing, engraving, make amber one of the most versatile materials in use.

The use of amber

Amber is easily cut, polished and polished. Jewelry is made from it.
Amber is a dielectric. It is used in instrumentation.
Amber varnish is prepared from amber.
Succinic acid is used in medicine, in cosmetology and agronomy.

Scientists have proved the usefulness of amber for the human body.

Amber has been used in cosmetics and perfumes since the time of the Egyptian pharaohs. It is added to medical toothpaste and soap.

Amber treatment

Amber treat:
- thyroid disease;
- diseases of the upper respiratory tract;
- muscle and joint pain;
- headache;
- migraine;
- rheumatic pains;
- cosmetic effect;
- stress, chronic fatigue;
- diseases of the gastrointestinal tract.

If you wear a stone on your body in the form of amber beads, then you can normalize the pressure and improve immunity.

It is because of the unique artistic and plastic qualities of amber that artists and jewelers created from this material one of the most beautiful mysterious wonders of the world - the Amber Room.

Everything was amber in the amber room: vases, caskets, caskets, candelabra, chess, ship models, shelves, mosaic paintings, mirror frames.

How and where amber is mined

The main locations of amber:
1. The coast of the Baltic Sea.

2. The Prussian coast.

3. The west coast of Denmark, the coast of the Arctic Ocean.

4. From time to time, amber was found in Siberia, Kamchatka, Finland, Portugal, Spain, France, and Holland.

5. Particularly beautiful amber, of bright fiery color, is found in Sicily on the northern coast of Africa, and in Mexico.

The most ancient method of mining amber is to collect it on the sea coast.
For a long time, the method remained the only one. Later, when people noticed that amber, along with bunches of algae, rises to the surface of the water, there was another way - they began to catch pieces with netting. Even later, people began to go out in boats to the sea behind the sun stone.