Fine motor skills of children 5 years old. Exercises for the development of fine motor skills of the child. How to conduct classes

Features Norms Deviations Diagnostics Methods of development

Fine motor skills - a complex of coordinated actions aimed at the precise execution of small movements with fingers and hands and feet. The nervous, muscular, bone and even visual systems take part in this. It includes a variety of movements: from all the usual gestures to the smallest manipulations.

From the point of view of anatomy, 1/3 of the motor projection on the cerebral cortex is precisely the projection of the hand, located next to the speech zone. That is why development is so important. fine motor skills in children 3-4-5 years old: the formation of speech skills, success in schooling the successful socialization of the child. What are its age characteristics and how to achieve its maximum progress in children before school age?

Peculiarities

At preschool age, normal motor skills become more diverse and complex compared to 2-3 years. The proportion of manipulations requiring coordinated hand actions is increasing. You need to know what age characteristics characterize the development of fine motor skills in children 4-5 years old in order to direct it in the right direction.

By the age of 3, the movements of the fingers of children become at least somewhat similar to the movements of an adult. Fine motor skills acquired earlier are improved. Children learn to put things in a certain place. Until the age of 3, the baby grabbed and held mainly with the palm of his hand, and now he uses his fingers more actively. Preschoolers from 3 to 5 years old try to draw circles and lines, cut paper with scissors, take off and put on loose, loose clothes. Fine motor skills are now formed in conjunction with kinesthetic sense. The child begins to realize the position and movement of his own body in space. The process of development of visual-tactile-kinesthetic connections is launched. Thanks to this, hand movements are performed under visual control.

Thus, the development of fine motor skills of hands in children of 3-4 years old occurs sequentially, gradually. First you need to learn how to reach for the object in order to grab it, and then manipulate it. Coordination of the movements of both hands and eyes is important in this process. Teachers, psychologists, physiologists have determined the norms and deviations in the development of fine motor skills in preschool age.

Norms

According to experts, the development of motor skills in children 4 years old and even 5 years old must comply with the following regulatory requirements.

Knocks object on object. Takes a bead or crumb of bread (any round small detail) with two fingers, and it should be thumb and forefinger. Draws on a sheet of paper, and then crosses out the drawing. Pulls out small objects from a transparent jar. By analogy, builds a bridge of 3 cubes. Self-builds a tower with at least 3 blocks. Tries to draw vertical line: error must not exceed 30°. Redraws a cross, a circle, a square. Draws a man with at least 3 elements.

It is to these standards that the development of fine motor skills of hands in children of 4-5 years old should strive: if your child has mastered most of the skills from this list, the formation of his thinking and motor abilities does not require correction. When there is a partial delay (and even advance) in 1 or 2 indicators, they talk about the inharmonious dynamics of the functions of thinking, speech and fine motor skills. In the case when the child has not mastered most of the listed skills, a more accurate diagnosis is needed for lagging behind to one degree or another.

Deviations

If the development of fine motor skills in children 3-4 years old is insufficient for this age, the child will experience characteristic deviations from the norm:

impaired movement technique; motor qualities suffer: dexterity, speed, strength, coordination, accuracy; psychomotor deficiencies are diagnosed; poorly formed elementary self-service skills; weak technical skills in drawing, modeling, designing, application; inability to properly hold a brush or pencil, to regulate the force of pressure on them; difficulty using scissors.

If the development of motor skills in children 4-5 years old occurs according to this plan (5-6 violations), these are deviations. Despite the absence of gross movement disorders in them, the level of physical and motor progress is much lower than in normal developing toddlers preschool age. And here it is very important to recognize it in time.

Diagnostics

To identify that the development of fine motor skills in children 3 years and older is impaired, diagnostics are needed. The specialist will tell you the exact results, but it can also be done at home. Ask your child to do the following simple exercises.

Read him a nursery rhyme, while performing simple movements with your fingers and hands, and then ask him to repeat them after you. Extend your arms in front of you. One hand is clenched into a fist, the other is straightened. It is necessary to slowly, but at the same time, change the position of the brushes. He should be able to “walk” on a flat surface with his fingers (index and middle in turn). He should be able to “bend his fingers” in turn, starting with the little finger. Ask him to do the pinch-palm exercise. It is proposed to connect the fingers of the left hand into a pinch as if it depicts a woodpecker's beak, and knock on the right palm, which should be vertically opened. Do the same by changing hands. Ask to deploy both hands at the same time in a strict sequence: fist - edge of the hand - palm. Dismantle the pyramid in front of the child and give him the task of putting it back together. A similar exercise with a matryoshka: first they take it apart before his eyes, and then they ask him to assemble it. Ask to draw a house, consisting of ordinary elements that are easy to reproduce even in the absence of the artist's talent. Check how accurate the resulting copy is. Special attention pay attention to such small elements as a porch, a pipe, a door - they will indicate the dynamics of development in the hands of fine motor skills. Offer to circle the drawing in dots, but at the same time agree in advance that it is impossible to tear off the pencil (pen, felt-tip pen) from the paper. It is necessary to shade the figure with straight lines, while trying not to go beyond its contours. Ask your child to use different types of hatching: horizontal, vertical, diagonal, wavy.

Now sum up. If at 3 years old he is allowed to perform at least 30% of all these exercises, then by the age of 5 fine motor skills should be so developed that 80-90% of these tasks are considered the norm. If you have these indicators below, you need to do more with the baby. Otherwise, this will then have a deplorable effect on his further speech and even intellectual development.

The most important factor that determines the development of fine motor skills in children aged 3 years and older is timely organized assistance of a correctional and pedagogical nature. Children with disabilities should be sent to correctional groups at specialized kindergartens. To prevent this from happening, parents should do as much as possible with a preschool child, developing fine motor skills in their fingers: there are a lot of methods and methods.

Development Methods

In order for the development of fine motor skills in children 3-4 years old to be within the normal range, it can be accelerated. There are different methods.

Small object games

A child from 3 years old simply needs to be offered all those games where you need to assemble small parts into a single whole:

mosaic; puzzles; constructor.

Such games not only contribute to the development of fine motor skills, but also form creative imagination, orientation in space. You can read more about games and exercises here.

finger games

Finger games for the development of fine motor skills

Finger games for the development of fine motor skills for children 3-4 years old can be based on:

colored sticks; Tongue Twisters; poetry; finger alphabet; finger theatre.

At first, it will be normal for three-year-olds to repeat movements after an adult. But at the age of 5, hearing a poem, which contains the task of performing the simplest finger movements, he must do them on his own.

Hand and finger massage

This method of developing fine motor skills in the hands involves several methods:

professional massage by a specialist; independent warm-up of fingers and hands by parents (“as they can”, as they say); offer the child to run a small top so that it spins as long as possible; let him put his hands into the cereals (rice, millet, buckwheat) and sand, touching each grain individually with his fingers.

Games with elements of massage very well contribute to the development of fine motor skills in the fingers and hands.

It is difficult to formulate any specific tasks here. Just give the preschooler plasticine in his hands: let his fingers create from him what his indefatigable imagination comes up with. The main thing is that modeling should be present in the daily activities of the baby from 3 to 5 years.

Despite the fact that drawing, just like modeling, requires a flight of fancy, it is aimed at a more specific development of fine motor skills. Therefore, there are certain tasks to be performed here:

stencil drawing; hatching; drawing on curly rulers; work with entertaining copybooks especially for preschoolers.

Work on the development of fine motor skills is recommended to be carried out regularly for 5 minutes several (5-6) times a day. Results can be achieved using different types activities: playing, modeling, drawing, applications, designing. Regular classes contribute along the way to the formation of perception, speech, a sense of color. Only in the aggregate of all these efforts, which will be required from both parents and preschoolers themselves, the development of fine motor skills of children 3-4 years old can be successful.

Introduction Periods of development of a child in preschool age Recommendations for parents Exercises for the development of fine motor skills for children from 0 to 2 years old Massage of the palms and fingers for children from 0 to 2 years old Exercises for the development of fine motor skills for children from 2 years old Massage of the palms and fingers hands with a prickly massage ball Exercises for the development of fine motor skills of hands for children 3 years old Finger games Exercises for the development of fine motor skills of hands for children 3-4 years old Massage of the palms and fingers natural materials Working with plasticine Introduction

In Russia, it has long been customary to teach a child to play with his fingers from an early age. These were such games as “Ladushki”, “Forty-white-sided”, etc. After washing the baby’s hands, they wiped it with a towel, as if massaging each finger individually.

It has been proven that fine work with fingers contributes to the development of speech in children. Therefore, it is very important to develop fine motor skills in a child from a very early age. But just doing the exercises will be boring for the baby - you need to turn them into interesting and useful games.

Recently, on the packaging of children's games you can see the inscription: "For the development of fine motor skills of hands." Many parents have heard about this concept, but not everyone knows how to develop fine motor skills and why it needs to be done.

It is now known that the initial stage life, it is fine motor skills that reflect how your baby develops, testifies to his intellectual abilities. From how deftly the child learns to control his fingers in the very early age depends on its further development.

The term fine motor skills refers to the coordinated movements of the small muscles of the fingers and hands. They are important not only for performing various daily activities, but also for stimulating the development of the child's brain.

Along with the development of fine motor skills, memory, attention, and vocabulary of your baby develop.

Periods of development of the child in preschool age

The famous Italian educator Maria Montessori identified three periods in the development of children:

Development of children's speech (from 0 to 6 years). At this time, two important events take place. From 1 year to 2.5 years, the child's vocabulary is rapidly expanding. At 4-4.5 years old, he masters writing (but only under the condition of developed fine motor skills);

Perception of small objects (from 1.5 to 5.5 years). At this age, the child likes to play with buttons, beads, sticks, etc. With the help of such objects, the motor skills of the child's hands can be developed. Just make sure that the baby does not take them in his mouth;

Formation of the simplest self-service skills (from 1 year to 4 years). At this age, the child is taught to independently dress, eat and perform hygiene procedures.

1. Exercises for the development of fine motor skills are carried out in a complex, starting from the first months of a child's life.

2. In the set of exercises, try to include tasks for squeezing, relaxing and stretching the baby's hands.

3. Start or end with a hand massage session.

4. Carry out fine motor development work regularly, according to age and level. physical development baby.

5. First, the adult performs all movements with the hands of the baby, and as he masters, the child begins to do them on his own.

6. Carefully monitor that the exercises are performed correctly by the child. If the baby finds it difficult to complete any task, immediately help him: fix the desired position of the fingers, etc.

7. Alternate new and old games and exercises. After your child has mastered simple motor skills, move on to mastering more complex ones.

8. Perform certain movements while listening to (and then pronouncing the child) a poem.

9. Encourage the child's creative activity, let him come up with some exercises.

10. Conduct classes emotionally, actively, praise the baby for success, but do not forget to monitor his mood and physical condition.

Exercises for the development of fine motor skills of hands for children from 0 to 2 years

1. "Forty-white-sided"

First, the adult runs his finger along the child’s palm and says: “Magpie cooks porridge.” Then the baby himself begins to drive his finger along the palm of his hand. We complicate the game: on the phrase “I gave this,” the adult alternately bends the child’s fingers to the palm, except for the little finger: “But I didn’t give it.” Slightly shaking it, we say with a playful reproach: “You didn’t carry water ...”, etc.

white-sided magpie
cooked porridge,
She fed the kids.
I gave this
I gave this
I gave this
I gave this
But she didn't give it:
"You didn't carry water,
Didn't cut wood
Didn't cook porridge
You have nothing."

2. "Pancakes"

Take the baby's hands in your hands and clap your hands. Show your child the movements and ask them to repeat them.

Sweets, sweets,
Sound crackers.
Clapped their hands
They clapped a little.

3. "Okay"

Read the nursery rhyme and at the same time accompany the words with gestures

Sweeties, sweeties!

(Show the baby your palms.)

Where were you?
By Grandma.
What did they eat?
Porridge.
What did they drink?
Brazhka.

(Clap your hands.)

Butter bowl,
Brazhka sweetie,
Grandma is good.
Drink, eat!
Shu - fly!
They sat on the head.

(Raise your hands up, turning your palms to the right and left, then lower them "house" on your head.)

4. "House"

This is a house.

(Put both palms together.)

This is the roof.

(Join your palms and interlace your fingers.)

And the pipe is even higher.

(Raise all fingers up without disengaging them.)

5. "Hide and Seek"

Fingers play hide-and-seek,
Open-va-yut-sya,

(Raising your palm, spread all your fingers.)

(Put your fingers together and make a fist.)

6. Bunnies

Place all fingers of one hand on the table.

The bunnies went out into the meadow,
We got into a small circle.
One bunny, two bunnies, three bunnies,
Four bunnies, five...

(Count the bunny.)

Let's kick our toes.

(Tap all fingers on the table together or apart.)

They knocked, they knocked
And tired.
Sat down to rest.

(Bend your fingers into a fist.)

7. "Hello, finger"

Alternately touch the index, middle, ring fingers and little finger to thumb.

Hello dear finger
Here we met with you.

8. "Strong fingers"

Bend your fingers and invite your baby to do the same. Then take it by the fingers and pull them each in your direction.

Massage of the palms and fingers for children from 0 to 2 years

Finger massage is very useful for a small child. Fingers are closely connected with the brain and internal organs: little finger - with the heart, ring finger - with the liver, middle - with the intestines and spine, index - with the stomach, large - with the brain.

1. Take the baby's palm and carefully massage each finger, starting with the little finger. Perform massage movements from the nail phalanx to the palm, paying attention to each joint.

2. Massage the baby's fingertips, making light pressure on them.

3. Massage the baby's palms with circular movements of the index finger.

4. Take the child's hand in your hand and lightly press the thumb to make circular motions in the center of the hand.

5. Massage your fingers with the circular spiral massager. Put the massager on the baby's finger and massage the fingers up and down in the same sequence (starting with the little finger).

6. Take two massage brushes and pass them over the palms of the child. His hands are on his knees, palms up.

Exercises for the development of fine motor skills of hands for children from 2 years

1. "Fisherman"

Pour water into a bowl and throw a few small items there: pieces of cork, twigs, large beads, etc. Invite the baby to use a small sieve tied to a stick to catch all these items in turn and put them on a plate standing on a tray on the right from a bowl. The "fishing rod" the baby should hold with one hand.

2. "Track"

Make a path on the table 3-5 cm wide, bounded on both sides by strips of paper. Invite the baby to sprinkle it with semolina or millet. Groats should be taken with three fingers and try not to spill over the edges of the track.

3. "Magic spoon"

Put two cups on a tray: on the left - a cup with cereals, and on the right - an empty one. By moving the child's hand, show him how to take the cereal with a spoon. Gently bring the spoon to the empty cup and tilt it over it. Task: pour all the cereal from the left cup into the right one.

4. "Sweet tea"

Your baby can already put sugar in his tea on his own. Now teach him to stir the sugar in the mug.

5. Salute

The child takes small pieces of colored paper and tries to tear them as small as possible. He puts the torn pieces on a saucer. Then you need to take all the pieces in the palm of your hand and throw them up.

6. "Make a ball"

Give the child a sheet of paper. His task: to crumple the sheet so that a tight lump is obtained.

7. "Spyglass"

The child takes a sheet of A4 paper and folds it with both hands into a tube, after which he brings the tube to the eye and examines the surrounding objects into it.

8. "Collect sticks"

Scatter the counting sticks in front of the child. The kid must collect them all one by one back into the box.

Massage of the palms and fingers with a prickly massage ball

1. The ball is between the palms of the child, the fingers are pressed to each other. Do massage movements rolling the ball back and forth.

2. The ball is between the palms of the child, the fingers are pressed to each other. Make circular motions by rolling the ball over your palms.

3. Holding the ball with your fingertips, rotate forward (as if you were screwing on a lid).

4. Holding the ball with the pads of your fingers, press them firmly on the ball (4-6 times).

5. Holding the ball with your fingertips, rotate back (as if opening a lid).

6. Throw the ball with both hands to a height of 20-30 cm and catch it.

7. Hold the ball between the palms, the fingers are clasped in a “lock”, the elbows are directed to the sides. Press your palms on the ball (4-6 times).

8. Shift the ball from one hand to the other, gradually increasing the pace.

Exercises for the development of fine motor skills of hands for children 3 years old

1. "Labyrinth"

Draw a maze on a piece of paper. Let the baby pass over it with a pencil or just a finger. To make it more interesting for the child to complete the task, you can come up with a little fairy tale: tell where this labyrinth leads, to whom, who should go through it.

2. "Beads"

It develops the baby’s hand well by stringing buttons, beads, pasta, dryers, etc. on a fishing line or thread. Start with items that have a wider hole - so at first it will be easier for the baby to master this task.

3. "Walk the path"

Draw a simple path on a sheet in a large cell. Ask your child to circle it with a finger, a colored pencil. If the child copes with this task, draw a more difficult path.

4. "Figures"

From the age of 3, children can already be taught to cut geometric shapes with scissors and stick them on a piece of paper. It is important that the scissors have rounded ends, that is, they are safe.

5. "Surprise"

Wrap the badge in 4-5 candy wrappers. Ask your child to unfold all the candy wrappers and fold them neatly.

6. "Pegs on a basket"

Place a basket of clothespins on the table. Take the clothespin with three fingers and attach it to the edge of the basket. Have your child do the same. After the baby has mastered this, invite him to attach all the clothespins.

7. "Colorful clothespins"

On the table is a basket with colorful clothespins. Ask the child to attach a white, red, blue, green ... color clothespin to the edge of the basket with three fingers.

8. "Treat"

Invite your child to mold treats for toys from plasticine (drying, bagels, gingerbread, cookies, sweets) and decorate them with cereals, beads, etc. Cut out plates from thick cardboard and ask the child to arrange the prepared treats beautifully on them.

finger games

A very important part of the development of fine motor skills are finger games, which activate the work of the child's brain, contribute to the development of speech and help prepare the hand for writing.

During these games, children develop dexterity, the ability to control their actions and concentrate on one type of activity.

By the age of 5, children are already learning to perform tasks that require sufficient accuracy and coordination of hand movements.

All the exercises suggested here should be performed at a slow pace, 3 to 5 times, first with one and then with the other hand. Make sure they are done correctly. Do the exercises for a few minutes, 2-3 times a day.

1. "Kitten"

Squeeze and unclench the fingers of both hands.

You, kitten, are not food!
Better mom look.

2. "Squirrel"

Unbend all fingers one by one, starting with the thumb. First do the exercise with your right hand, and then with your left.

A squirrel sits on a cart
She sells nuts
fox-sister,
Sparrow, titmouse,
Bear fat-fifth,
Mustachioed hare.

3. "Tsap-scratch"

The child puts his hand on top of yours. You read a poem, and the baby listens attentively to you. At the words “tac-scratch”, he must pull back the handle so that his fingers do not fall into your “trap”. Then the other hand comes into play. After a while, you can switch roles.

On the palm, on the path
Little cat walks
In small paws
Hid the scratches.
If you suddenly want
Sharpens claws.
Tsap-scratch!

4. "Funny fingers"

Clench your fingers into a fist. Unbend them one by one, starting with the big one. Then turn the brush to the right and left 5 times.

Thumb - danced,
Index - jumped,
Middle finger - squatted
Nameless - everything was spinning,
And the little finger was having fun.

5. "Fan"

Keep your palms in front of you, fingers pressed ("fan closed"). Spread widely, and then press your fingers together (“open and close the fan”). Wave your brushes towards you and away from you (“fanning”) 6-8 times.

6. "Peacock"

Attach all fingers of the left hand to the thumb. Palm right hand with open fingers, put it on the back of your left hand (“peacock tail”). Connect and spread your fingers ("peacock opens and closes the tail").

At the cheerful peacock
Fruit basket full.
A peacock is waiting for friends to visit,
For now, there is only one peacock.

7. "Butterfly"

Clench your fingers into a fist. Alternately straighten the little finger, ring and middle fingers, and connect the thumb and forefinger into a ring. With straightened fingers, make quick movements (“the butterfly flaps its wings”) - first with one, then with the other hand.

8. “Stand up for exercises!«

Bend your fingers to the palm one by one, starting with the little finger. Then with your thumb touch all the others, as if raising them to charge. After that, do exercises - squeeze and unclench the fist 5 times.

Fifth finger - fast asleep.
The fourth finger - only dozed off.
The third finger - fell asleep.
The second finger - all yawned.
The first finger stood up cheerfully,
Picked up everyone.

Exercises for the development of fine motor skills of hands for children 3-4 years old

1. "Cones on a plate"

Invite your child to roll pine, spruce, and cedar cones on a plate. First let him roll one bump, then two, three, etc.

2. Circle the object

You can circle everything that comes to hand: the bottom of a glass, an inverted saucer, your own palm, a spoon, etc.

3. "Magic pattern"

Poke holes in thick cardboard with an awl or nail - they should be arranged in a certain order and represent geometric figure, drawing or pattern. Let the kid independently embroider a pattern with a thick needle with a bright thread.

4. "Sew on a button"

Show your child how to sew on a button. After that, let the baby do the same under your supervision.

5. "Colorful snowflakes"

Show your child how to make paper snowflakes. Once your child is able to cut out the snowflake, ask him to color it. Let the child cut out a few more snowflakes and color them as well.

6. "Lace up your shoe"

Show your child how to lace up a shoe different ways. First, lace up the boot with it. Once your toddler has mastered the lacing technique, ask him to lace up the boot himself.

7. "Magic pipette"

Invite your child to play wizard. On a piece of paper, paint a few multi-colored spots with paints. Show your child how to use the dropper to drop only one drop. After that, let him drop a drop of water on each colored spot. Then watch with your child how the spot will grow and turn into a pattern.

8. "Little Apothecary"

Tell your child about the work of a pharmacist. Then show him how to use tweezers to lay out and shift the beads from place to place. The game can use beads different size.

Massage of palms and fingers with natural materials

For children 4 years old, you can offer a massage using pine, spruce, cedar cones, walnuts, hazelnuts.

1. "Twist the bump"

Take pine cone and put it between the palms of the baby. Ask the child to spin the bump (like a wheel) in different directions for about 2-3 minutes.

2. "Roll the bump"

First, the exercise is performed with one fir cone, then - with two. Rotate the bumps between your palms for 1-3 minutes.

3. "Catch a bump"

Take any bump. Ask the child to throw it up with both hands, and then catch it with both hands as well. After the baby has mastered this exercise, you can complicate it: toss and catch the bump with one hand; throw a bump with your right hand, and catch it with your left - and vice versa. The duration of the exercise is 2 minutes.

4. "Walnut"

Roll the nut on the palm of your right hand, then on the back of your left hand. The duration of the exercise is approximately 3 minutes.

5. "Sprinkle nuts"

Pour a handful of hazelnuts from one hand to the other. The duration of the exercise is 1-2 minutes.

6. "Nuts on a tray"

Place a handful of hazelnuts on a tray. Roll the nuts with the palms of your hands and the backs of your hands. The duration of the exercise is 1-2 minutes.

7. "Grains"

Here you can use a variety of cereals: buckwheat, rice, millet, etc. And the exercises can also be very different: squeeze the grains in a fist, pour them from one hand to another, mix in a deep bowl, etc. The duration of each exercise is 3 minutes.

8. "Affectionate feather"

Draw the pen across the surface of the palms and the back of the child's hands. The duration of the exercise is 3 minutes.

Working with plasticine

Here you will need several copies of the figures in this section. This will allow your baby to acquire the skill of accurately working with plasticine. You can arrange an exhibition of his best works.

You will need plasticine of different colors.

1. "Snowman"

Invite your child to decorate the snowman with plasticine. Let the kid work hard and smear the plasticine with his fingers, without going beyond the boundaries of the outline of the picture.

2. "Flower-semitsvetik"

The kid must choose seven colors of plasticine - for each petal of a seven-color flower. Make sure that it does not go beyond the boundaries of its contour. If something is not working out for a child, help him.

Draw around the contour

These exercises are aimed at teaching the child to perform smooth lines, without taking the pencil off the paper. Invite the child to circle the drawings along the contour. Let him say what is depicted on them. After that, you can ask the child to color these drawings.

1. "Mushroom"

2. "Bunny"

3. "Hedgehog"

4. "Butterfly"

5. "Herringbone"

6. "Autumn leaf"

The normal development of the child, starting from infancy, requires classes on the development of fine motor skills. Many parents have probably heard this term, but not everyone knows what it means and why classes are so necessary. Let's talk about the development of fine motor skills: what is it, why do we need classes, what should they be?

Children's physiology and features of the development of fine motor skills

Gross motor skills are body movements that are performed under the command of psychoanalytic reactions in the brain center. There are three main types of motor skills:

Large. The work of large muscles (jogging, push-ups) Small. Movement of the hands and fingers. This includes combining actions (eyes + hands when drawing). Articulatory. Ability and ability to coordinate the functions of speech skills (coherent conversation).

Western scientists, having conducted research in the field of psychology, concluded that exactly one third of the cerebral cortex is responsible for fine motor skills. This part is located "next door" to the brain speech center. This fact makes it possible to say that the development of fine motor skills in infants affects the formation process:

Speech skills; Memory; Thinking; Logic; Imagination.

It has been observed that children who have good control over their hands are more diligent and get tired much less than children with whom no fine motor skills classes have been conducted.

A calendar of norms for the formation of fine motor skills in babies, or what and when you need to be able to?

From birth, parents monitor the development of their baby. Fine motor skills are of great importance in it. After all, from birth, the baby begins to look at his hands, then meaningfully move them, control them. Initially, he doesn’t succeed, but with the help of moms and dads, he begins to take objects in his palm, then he uses his fingers, takes a spoon, a rattle, etc. You can learn about the role of a rattle in the development of a child from the article: “The meaning of a rattle in the development of a newborn ".

Each age has its own norms for the development of fine motor skills, that is, the child is able to do a certain range of actions. As the nervous system matures and develops, the baby acquires more and more developmental opportunities. The formation of these skills must be monitored, since each subsequent achievement can only occur after the successful development of certain skills of one's age.

A step-by-step calendar of norms for the development of fine motor skills

4 months after birth. The first weeks of the newborn's hands are clenched into fists, and if we talk about the development of fine motor skills, then it is the unclenching of closed fists that can be called the first action in its development. All movements of the crumbs are still reflex, although the baby is trying to somehow coordinate them. Initially, he learns to control the movements of his eyes and head, then he reaches for objects with his hands, equally with his left and right, without highlighting the dominant one. Having caught the object in the palm at the reflex level, he clamps the brush. From 4 months to 1 year. There is an improvement in the movement of hands and fingers. Initially, the baby learns to use only one hand when holding an object. Further, this item is transferred from one hand to another. By six months, he confidently holds small objects in his palm, and by 7–8 he uses his thumb and forefinger in order to pick up from the floor. small toys. Actively and consciously uses hands to help oneself sit up, stand up, and hold. Closer to 12 months, he can safely touch the beads. More about the development of a baby of this age can be found in the article: “Komarovsky: children under one year old.” From 1 year to 2 years. Actions are getting better. At this age, the baby knows how to hold a spoon, handle it. Showing drawing skills. He can depict scribbles, dots and not quite even circles. Closer to two years, it is noticeable which of the hands is dominant. The child actively uses the index finger, showing it and touching unfamiliar objects with it. From 2 years to 3 years. The movements involve not only the hands, but also the forearms, elbows. By the age of three, a pencil takes correct position in the hand and from under it the first masterpieces come out in the form of straight lines, circles, ovals, squares. At this time, the little one must be introduced to scissors. Normally, when he is three years old, he knows how to cut a sheet of paper in half. From 3 years to 4 years. The work uses the second hand. So, if a child draws with his right hand, then with his left he already holds the sheet on which he draws. He is able to color the figures, slightly going beyond the contour. It may well cut out a drawn large figure from paper. Closer to four years, he gets beautiful small details in his drawings. From 4 years to 5 years. Finger motor skills are almost perfect. The kid, playing and applying drawing skills, does not use the entire hand, but only the brush. The coloring of the drawings becomes clearer and the lines no longer go beyond the contour. With the help of scissors, he is able to cut quite complex figures. From 5 years to 6 years. Hand movements are coordinated. A pen or pencil is already confidently “lying” in the dominant hand. The kid knows how to write straight sticks in a certain field. Uses scissors well. In addition to the development of motor skills, you should think about social sociability and the education of independence. For this purpose, a pet is suitable. If your choice falls on a dog, then we advise you to read the article: "What kind of dog to give a child."

What is the risk of this lack of development?

Insufficient level of fine motor skills slows down the process of formation of speech functions. If you do not conduct classes with a toddler, starting from infancy, then as a consequence, problems with memory will arise in the future, logical thinking. Today, there are quite a lot of devices, toys, activities that can help the baby. Parents, for their part, need to monitor the stages of development so that the child does not have problems with school performance, since the lack of development of fine motor skills leads to a lack of concentration, increased fatigue, and these indicators will inevitably lead to lagging behind peers.

How to develop fine motor skills in children

Starting from birth, parents should devote time to developing activities with the baby. First aid will be in putting rattles in the palms. Next, you need to give him a touch different fabrics and invoices. From 8 months, the following development methods can be applied.

Development of fine motor skills with massage

Carrying out a competent massage on the palms of the baby is an excellent option for developing motor skills. For massage sessions, you can attract an experienced specialist or knead the palms yourself. Manipulations begin at 3 months. For one session, 5 minutes is enough. Massage should be performed in the following sequence:

Gently stroke the child's palm for a minute; Rub the palm to heat; Lightly tapping movements of your fingers, walk through the hands and palms; Bend and unbend your fingers several times; Massage each finger separately.

Development of fine motor skills with finger games

Game No1. Okay.

Everyone remembers such words "Okay, okay, where were my grandmother ...". With the help of this game, the baby will learn to straighten still reflexively twisted fingers and clap his hands.

Game No2. beads

Entrust the child to sort out the buttons typed on a string or beads from small beads. Children love to touch such small objects with their little fingers. At an older age, you can invite the child to string beads on a thread or fishing line on their own.

Game No3. cereals

Such a game, in addition to motor skills, helps to become aware of tactile sensations. Pour any cereals into a bowl, buckwheat and rice are perfect. Give the bowl to the little one, let him touch it with his hands, sprinkle the cereal. You can hide in a bowl of cereal, a few small items, let the baby try to find them.

Game No4. Cinderella

After the age of 3, let your child help in the kitchen. Mix 3 types of cereals (peas, buckwheat, beans) let him sort the cereals into three different bowls.

Game No5. Guess

Blindfold the little one's eyes and give different objects to his hands, let him guess what is in his hands.

From 7–9 months you can offer your child colored paper. Let him crush it, feel it, tear it. At an older age, teach him to tear paper into strips or create applications from it. The smaller the pieces of torn paper will be, the more perfect the fine motor skills of the hands will become.

At the age of 1-1.5 years, show how to turn the pages in a book. The process will be much more exciting if the book is with bright pictures.

Exercise No3. Making a rattle

Give your child an empty plastic bottle and offer to throw small items into it. It can be beans, buttons or beads. Pour them on the table, let him take them himself and throw them into the bottle. At the end of the work, twist the bottle, let him play with the resulting rattle.

Development of fine motor skillsthrough lessons

Drawing. Initially, this is learning to hold a pencil in your hands. Next, drawing the first sticks, dots, outlining the contours of various objects. After drawings, letters, etc. Coloring. Teach your child to color both large and small objects. For these purposes, coloring pages, which the baby can already buy at the age of 3, are great help. Sculpting. This activity is suitable for any age. For classes, you can use plasticine, clay or dough. Initially, it is enough to roll a ball or strip of plasticine. IN exciting game you can turn any preparation of a dish from dough. The kid will gladly help roll out and sculpt the dough. Find out how interesting it is to spend time with the baby and make memorable casts from the article: “Casts of arms and legs: how to do it yourself?”. Cutting. Children's scissors without sharp ends can be given to a child closer to 3 years. After he learns how to handle them, give him a glue stick and colored paper. Creating an applique will help develop your imagination. Embroidery. By the age of 5-6, it will be relevant to embroider with the child. Read more about this lesson in the article: "Embroidery with children."

Development of fine motor skills with educational toys

Finger dexterity toys. Make from empty plastic bottles different size and color toy. The main idea is to twist and twist the caps on these bottles. Buttons. Teach your child how to fasten and unfasten buttons, open and close zippers. He can do this on his clothes or on yours. Lacing. For these purposes, you can use an old unnecessary boot or make a model with lacing. Have your child lace up and unlace the laces or ribbons. Mosaic. The main condition is that the details must correspond to age. So, little peanuts can be offered large parts. Adults can purchase mosaics with small pieces. A board with objects. Such a toy is made from a piece of plywood and various devices: a switch, a latch, door hinges and other parts used in everyday life. The kid feels them with interest, opens, turns them on. Puzzles. Great for developing fine motor skills. These can be large puzzles that fold into kids rug for the little ones. For older ones, you can use magnetic puzzles on the refrigerator. Well, for school age, standard paper puzzles with many details are suitable. Pyramid. Such a toy develops not only motor skills, but also logic. After all, the rings of the pyramid must be folded from larger to smaller. Constructor. For older children, a designer with small details is suitable. Such a toy trains the development of motor skills, logic, perseverance and many other skills.

If you understand, then any housework can turn into the development of fine motor skills for your child. You can train little fingers and grasping movements in all sorts of ways, the main thing is to show a little imagination. Engage in drawing, modeling, coloring with your child and in the future you will not have problems with the academic performance and development of your child.

From the point of view of anatomy, 1/3 of the motor projection on the cerebral cortex is precisely the projection of the hand, located next to the speech zone. Therefore, the development of fine motor skills in children aged 3-4-5 is so important: the formation of speech skills, success in schooling, and the successful socialization of the child will depend on it. What are its age characteristics and how to achieve its maximum progress in preschool children?

Peculiarities

By the age of 3, the movements of the fingers of children become at least somewhat similar to the movements of an adult.
Fine motor skills acquired earlier are improved.
Children learn to put things in a certain place.
Until the age of 3, the baby grabbed and held mainly with the palm of his hand, and now he uses his fingers more actively.
Preschoolers aged 3 to 5 try to draw circles and lines, cut paper with scissors, take off and put on loose, loose clothing.
Fine motor skills are now formed in conjunction with kinesthetic sense. The child begins to realize the position and movement of his own body in space. The process of development of visual-tactile-kinesthetic connections is launched. Thanks to this, hand movements are performed under visual control.

Norms

According to experts, the development of motor skills in children 4 years old and even 5 years old must comply with the following regulatory requirements.

Knocks object on object.
Takes a bead or crumb of bread (any round small detail) with two fingers, and it should be thumb and forefinger.
Draws on a sheet of paper, and then crosses out the drawing.
Pulls out small objects from a transparent jar.
By analogy, builds a bridge of 3 cubes.
Self-builds a tower with at least 3 blocks.
He tries to draw a vertical line: the error should not exceed 30 °.
Redraws a cross, a circle, a square.
Draws a man with at least 3 elements.

Deviations

If the development of fine motor skills in children 3-4 years old is insufficient for this age, the child will experience characteristic deviations from the norm:

impaired movement technique;
motor qualities suffer: dexterity, speed, strength, coordination, accuracy;
psychomotor deficiencies are diagnosed;
poorly formed elementary self-service skills;
weak technical skills in drawing, modeling, designing, application;
inability to properly hold a brush or pencil, to regulate the force of pressure on them;
difficulty using scissors.

If the development of motor skills in children 4-5 years old occurs according to this plan (5-6 violations), these are deviations. Despite the absence of gross movement disorders in them, the level of physical and motor progress is much lower than that of normally developing preschool children. And here it is very important to recognize it in time.

Diagnostics

Read him a nursery rhyme, while performing simple movements with your fingers and hands, and then ask him to repeat them after you.
Extend your arms in front of you. One hand is clenched into a fist, the other is straightened. It is necessary to slowly, but at the same time, change the position of the brushes.
He should be able to “walk” on a flat surface with his fingers (index and middle in turn).
He should be able to “bend his fingers” in turn, starting with the little finger.
Ask him to do the pinch-palm exercise. It is proposed to connect the fingers of the left hand into a pinch as if it depicts a woodpecker's beak, and knock on the right palm, which should be vertically opened. Do the same by changing hands.
Ask to deploy both hands at the same time in a strict sequence: fist - edge of the hand - palm.
Dismantle the pyramid in front of the child and give him the task of putting it back together.
A similar exercise with a matryoshka: first they take it apart before his eyes, and then they ask him to assemble it.
Ask to draw a house, consisting of ordinary elements that are easy to reproduce even in the absence of the artist's talent. Check how accurate the resulting copy is. Pay special attention to such small elements as a porch, a pipe, a door - they will indicate the dynamics of development in the hands of fine motor skills.
Offer to circle the drawing in dots, but at the same time agree in advance that it is impossible to tear off the pencil (pen, felt-tip pen) from the paper.
It is necessary to shade the figure with straight lines, while trying not to go beyond its contours. Ask your child to use different types of hatching: horizontal, vertical, diagonal, wavy.

Development Methods

In order for the development of fine motor skills in children 3-4 years old to be within the normal range, it can be accelerated. There are different methods.

Small object games

A child from 3 years old simply needs to be offered all those games where you need to assemble small parts into a single whole:

mosaic;
puzzles;
constructor.

Such games not only contribute to the development of fine motor skills, but also form creative imagination, orientation in space. You can read more about games and exercises here.

finger games

Finger games for the development of fine motor skills

Finger games for the development of fine motor skills for children 3-4 years old can be based on:

colored sticks;
Tongue Twisters;
poetry;
finger alphabet;
finger theatre.

Hand and finger massage

This method of developing fine motor skills in the hands involves several methods:

professional massage by a specialist;
independent warm-up of fingers and hands by parents (“as they can”, as they say);
offer the child to run a small top so that it spins as long as possible;
let him put his hands into the cereals (rice, millet, buckwheat) and sand, touching each grain individually with his fingers.

Games with elements of massage very well contribute to the development of fine motor skills in the fingers and hands.

modeling

Drawing

stencil drawing;
hatching;
drawing on curly rulers;
work with entertaining copybooks especially for preschoolers.

Work on the development of fine motor skills is recommended to be carried out regularly for 5 minutes several (5-6) times a day. Results can be achieved using different activities: playing, modeling, drawing, applications, designing. Regular classes contribute along the way to the formation of perception, speech, a sense of color. Only in the aggregate of all these efforts, which will be required from both parents and preschoolers themselves, the development of fine motor skills of children 3-4 years old can be successful.

Introduction
Recommendations for parents
finger games
Working with plasticine

Introduction

Now it is already known that at the initial stage of life, it is fine motor skills that reflect how your baby develops, testifies to his intellectual abilities. From how deftly a child learns to control his fingers at a very early age, his further development depends.

Along with the development of fine motor skills, memory, attention, and vocabulary of your baby develop.

Periods of development of the child in preschool age

The famous Italian educator Maria Montessori identified three periods in the development of children:

Formation of the simplest self-service skills (from 1 year to 4 years). At this age, the child is taught to independently dress, eat and perform hygiene procedures.

1. Exercises for the development of fine motor skills are carried out in a complex, starting from the first months of a child's life.

2. In the set of exercises, try to include tasks for squeezing, relaxing and stretching the baby's hands.

3. Start or end with a hand massage session.

4. Carry out work on the development of fine motor skills regularly, in accordance with the age and taking into account the level of physical development of the baby.

5. First, the adult performs all movements with the hands of the baby, and as he masters, the child begins to do them on his own.

6. Carefully monitor that the exercises are performed correctly by the child. If the baby finds it difficult to complete any task, immediately help him: fix the desired position of the fingers, etc.

7. Alternate new and old games and exercises. After your child has mastered simple motor skills, move on to mastering more complex ones.

8. Perform certain movements while listening to (and then pronouncing the child) a poem.

9. Encourage the child's creative activity, let him come up with some exercises.

10. Conduct classes emotionally, actively, praise the baby for success, but do not forget to monitor his mood and physical condition.

Exercises for the development of fine motor skills of hands for children from 0 to 2 years

1. "Forty-white-sided"

2. "Pancakes"

Take the baby's hands in your hands and clap your hands. Show your child the movements and ask them to repeat them.

Sweets, sweets,
Sound crackers.
Clapped their hands
They clapped a little.

3. "Okay"

Read the nursery rhyme and at the same time accompany the words with gestures

Sweeties, sweeties!

(Show the baby your palms.)

Where were you?
By Grandma.
What did they eat?
Porridge.
What did they drink?
Brazhka.

(Clap your hands.)

Butter bowl,
Brazhka sweetie,
Grandma is good.
Drink, eat!
Shu - fly!
They sat on the head.

(Raise your hands up, turning your palms to the right and left, then lower them "house" on your head.)

4. "House"

This is a house.

(Put both palms together.)

This is the roof.

(Join your palms and interlace your fingers.)

And the pipe is even higher.

(Raise all fingers up without disengaging them.)

5. "Hide and Seek"

Fingers play hide-and-seek,
Open-va-yut-sya,

(Raising your palm, spread all your fingers.)

Close-va-yut-sya.

(Put your fingers together and make a fist.)

6. Bunnies

Place all fingers of one hand on the table.

The bunnies went out into the meadow,
We got into a small circle.
One bunny, two bunnies, three bunnies,
Four bunnies, five...

(Count the bunny.)

Let's kick our toes.

(Tap all fingers on the table together or apart.)

They knocked, they knocked
And tired.
Sat down to rest.

(Bend your fingers into a fist.)

7. "Hello, finger"

Alternately touch the index, middle, ring fingers and little finger to the thumb.

Hello dear finger
Here we met with you.

8. "Strong fingers"

Bend your fingers and invite your baby to do the same. Then take it by the fingers and pull them each in your direction.

Massage of the palms and fingers for children from 0 to 2 years

Finger massage is very useful for a small child. The fingers are closely connected with the brain and internal organs: the little finger with the heart, the ring finger with the liver, the middle finger with the intestines and spine, the index finger with the stomach, and the big finger with the brain.

1. Take the baby's palm and carefully massage each finger, starting with the little finger. Perform massage movements from the nail phalanx to the palm, paying attention to each joint.

2. Massage the baby's fingertips, making light pressure on them.

3. Massage the baby's palms with circular movements of the index finger.

4. Take the child's hand in your hand and lightly press the thumb to make circular motions in the center of the hand.

5. Massage your fingers with the circular spiral massager. Put the massager on the baby's finger and massage the fingers up and down in the same sequence (starting with the little finger).

6. Take two massage brushes and run them over the palms of the child. His hands are on his knees, palms up.

Exercises for the development of fine motor skills of hands for children from 2 years

1. "Fisherman"

2. "Track"

3. "Magic spoon"

4. "Sweet tea"

Your baby can already put sugar in his tea on his own. Now teach him to stir the sugar in the mug.

5. Salute

6. "Make a ball"

Give the child a sheet of paper. His task: to crumple the sheet so that a tight lump is obtained.

7. "Spyglass"

The child takes a sheet of A4 paper and folds it with both hands into a tube, after which he brings the tube to the eye and examines the surrounding objects into it.

8. "Collect sticks"

Scatter the counting sticks in front of the child. The kid must collect them all one by one back into the box.

Massage of the palms and fingers with a prickly massage ball

1. The ball is between the palms of the child, the fingers are pressed to each other. Make massage movements by rolling the ball back and forth.