Which folklore is called ritual in brief. What folklore is called ritual? Ritual folklore. Sources and additional information

Ritual folklore is works of oral folk art, which, unlike non-ritual folklore, were an organic part of traditional folk rituals and were performed in rituals. Rituals occupied an important place in the life of the people: they developed from century to century, gradually accumulating the diverse experience of many generations.

The rituals had ritual and magical significance and contained rules of human behavior in everyday life and work.

Russian rituals

Russian rituals are genetically related to the rituals of other Slavic peoples and have typological similarities with the rituals of many peoples of the world. Russian ritual folklore was published in the collections of P.V. Kireevsky, E.V. Barsov, P.V. Shein, A.I. Sobolevsky.

Types of rituals

Rituals are usually divided into industrial and family. Already in ancient times, Slavic farmers celebrated special holidays winter and summer solstice and associated changes in nature. The observations developed into a system of mythological beliefs and practical work skills, which was consolidated by the annual (calendar) cycle of agrarian ritual holidays and the accompanying ritual folklore.

A complex symbiosis was formed by annual church folk agricultural holidays, which was partly reflected in ritual folklore. On the night before Christmas and before New Year while going around the courtyards they sang round songs that had different name: carols (in the south), ovsen (in the central regions), grapes (in the northern regions). Throughout the Christmas week, Christ was glorified with special songs, and his birth was depicted in the folk puppet theater - nativity scene.

During Christmastide (from Christmas to Epiphany), fortune-telling with songs was common, and funny dramatic scenes were played out. Songs, incantations, lamentations, sentences were also performed during other calendar rituals. Family rituals developed on a common basis with calendar ones and are genetically connected with them, but at the center of family rituals there was a specific real person.

Rituals and life events

Rituals accompanied many events in his life, among which the most important were birth, marriage and death. Traces of ancient birth songs and wishes are preserved in lullabies. The main genre of funeral and memorial rites were lamentations. Lamentations were included in the recruiting ritual and in the wedding of the Northern Russian type, where they were especially developed. Wedding poetry was rich and varied. At the wedding, sentences were also performed and dramatic scenes were performed.

In ancient times, the main function of wedding folklore was utilitarian-magical: according to the ideas of the people, oral works contributed to a happy fate and well-being; but gradually they began to play a different role - ceremonial and aesthetic. The genre composition of ritual folklore is diverse: verbal and musical, dramatic, playful, choreographic works. Ritual songs are especially important - the most ancient layer of musical and poetic folklore. The songs were sung by the choir. Ritual songs reflected the ritual itself and contributed to its formation and implementation.

Spell songs were a magical appeal to the forces of nature in order to achieve well-being in the household and family. In songs of magnificence, participants in the ritual were poetically idealized and glorified: real people(groom, bride) or mythological images (Kolyada, Maslenitsa). Opposite to the majestic songs are reproachful songs, which ridiculed the participants in the ritual, often in a grotesque form; their content was humorous or satirical. Game and round dance songs were performed during various youth games, they described and accompanied by imitation of field work, and family scenes were acted out (for example, matchmaking). Lyrical songs are the latest phenomenon in the ritual. Their main purpose is to express thoughts, feelings and moods. Thanks to lyrical songs, a certain emotional flavor was created and traditional ethics were established.

Ritual folklore includes also conspiracies, spells, some tales, beliefs, omens, proverbs, sayings, riddles, in the 20th century. Ritual ditties appeared. Works of non-ritual folklore could be spontaneously included in the ritual complex.

Folk rituals and ritual folklore received a deep and multifaceted reflection in Russian literature (“Eugene Onegin”, 1823-31, A.S. Pushkin, “Evenings on a farm near Dikanka”, 1831-32, N.V. Gogol, “Who should live in Rus' good", 1863-77, N.A. Nekrasova, "The Snow Maiden", 1873, A.N. Ostrovsky, "War and Peace", 1863-69, L.N. Tolstoy, lyrics by S.A. Yesenin, etc. ).

Ritual folklore (from the 6th grade program) are songs that people associate with their way of life, seasons and main activities. Each song has a deep meaning, because it reflects the lives of many people.

Questions and tasks

What folklore is called ritual? What calendar and ritual songs do you know? Why are they called that? Prepare to perform one of them.

Ritual folklore is a reflection of the life of the people in songs. They were performed during various rituals.

There are different calendar and ritual songs:

Carols- songs accompanying Christmas and New Year celebrations. They contained a wish for a rich harvest.
Maslenitsa songs - they were sung when Maslenitsa was celebrated. This holiday marked the arrival of Spring.
Spring songs- they called for Spring. Such songs were associated with the revival of the earth in spring.
Summer songs- they were sung in honor of the traditional summer holiday - Trinity. It is associated with blossoming nature. We went to Trinity with birch branches.
Autumn songs- they glorified the harvest period. They were part of the last cycle of calendar-ritual songs.

Calendar-ritual songs are so called because they correspond certain periods life of the people.

Have you ever heard similar songs before? Where and under what circumstances?

Everyone has probably heard carols - both in childhood and in adult life(when carolers came to the house). It's not difficult to remember them.

What are carols? When and where were they performed? How are they different from other ritual songs?

Carols are ritual songs performed in honor of the Christmas and New Year celebrations. They were performed by children who went from house to house and wished abundance to the owners of the house.

The main difference between carols is the requirement for gifts at the end of the song.

What songs was the birch tree a symbol of? When were they performed?

The birch tree is a symbol of summer ritual songs. They were performed on Trinity Sunday, a traditional Russian holiday. The celebrants danced in circles and told fortunes.

Ritual folklore is not only part of a beautiful culture, but also the essence of folk life.

What calendar and ritual songs can be called the most fun? Why?

Maslenitsa songs can be considered the most fun. During this period, people celebrated the holiday with feasts and various rituals. One of them is to carry a scarecrow through the streets and burn it. During Maslenitsa, various competitions are also held - climbing a pole, playing “towns”.

Explain the meaning of the words: “zhito”, “oatmeal”, “lapta”, “sickle”, “reap”.

Zhito- this is the name of unmilled bread, grain. This is usually barley grain.
Oatmeal- this concept refers to flour made from peeled and soaked oats.
Lapta- is a traditional Russian folk game. It uses a bat and a ball.
Sickle- a tool for collecting grain. They cut grains with it. The sickle is a curved knife with serrations.
Reap- in Russian ritual songs this word is used in the meaning of “harvesting”, cutting off grains at the root.

Ritual folklore reflects the life of many generations of people.

The rituals had ritual and magical significance and contained rules of human behavior in everyday life and work.

Russian rituals

Types of rituals

Rituals are usually divided into industrial and family. Already in ancient times, Slavic farmers celebrated the winter and summer solstice and the associated changes in nature with special holidays. The observations developed into a system of mythological beliefs and practical work skills, which was consolidated by the annual (calendar) cycle of agrarian ritual holidays and the accompanying ritual folklore.

A complex symbiosis was formed by annual church folk agricultural holidays, which was partly reflected in ritual folklore. On the night before Christmas and on New Year's Eve, while going around the courtyards, they sang round songs that had different names: carols (in the south), ovsen (in the central regions), grapes (in the northern regions). Throughout the Christmas week, Christ was glorified with special songs, and his birth was depicted in the folk puppet theater - nativity scene.

During Christmastide (from Christmas to Epiphany), fortune-telling with songs was common, and funny dramatic scenes were played out. Songs, incantations, lamentations, and sentences were also performed during other calendar rituals. Family rituals developed on a common basis with calendar ones and are genetically connected with them, but at the center of family rituals there was a specific real person.

Rituals and life events

Spell songs were a magical appeal to the forces of nature in order to achieve well-being in the household and family. In songs of greatness, participants in the ritual were poetically idealized and glorified: real people (bride and groom) or mythological images (Kolyada, Maslenitsa). Opposite to the majestic songs are reproachful songs, which ridiculed the participants in the ritual, often in a grotesque form; their content was humorous or satirical. Game and round dance songs were performed during various youth games, they described and accompanied by imitation of field work, and family scenes were acted out (for example, matchmaking). Lyrical songs are the latest phenomenon in the ritual. Their main purpose is to express thoughts, feelings and moods. Thanks to lyrical songs, a certain emotional flavor was created and traditional ethics were established.

Folk rites and ritual folklore have received a deep and multifaceted reflection in Russian literature (“Eugene Onegin”, 1823-31, A.S. Pushkin, “Evenings on a farm near Dikanka”, 1831-32, N.V. Gogol, “To whom on It’s good to live in Rus'”, 1863-77, N.A. Nekrasova, “The Snow Maiden”, 1873, A.N. Ostrovsky, “War and Peace”, 1863-69, L.N. Tolstoy, lyrics by S.A. Yesenin and etc.).

Folklore(English) folklore) - folk art; a type of collective verbal activity that is carried out primarily orally. Folklore is divided into two groups: ritual and non-ritual.

To ritual folklore relate:

(carols, Maslenitsa songs, spring flowers),
family folklore (family stories, lullabies, wedding songs, lamentations),
occasional (spells, chants, rhymes).

Non-ritual folklore is divided into four groups:

folk drama;
poetry;
prose;
folklore of speech situations.

Ritual folklore constituted verbal, musical, dramatic, game, and choreographic genres that were part of traditional folk rituals. Rituals occupied an important place in the life of the people. They evolved from century to century, gradually accumulating the diverse experience of many generations. The rituals had ritual and magical significance and contained rules of human behavior in everyday life and work. They are usually divided into labor (agricultural) and family. Russian rituals are genetically related to the rituals of other Slavic peoples and have a typological analogy with the rituals of many peoples of the world. Ritual poetry interacted with folk rituals and contained elements of dramatic play. It had ritual and magical significance, and also performed psychological and aesthetic functions. Ritual folklore is syncretic in nature, so it is advisable to consider it as part of the corresponding rituals. At the same time, there is a different, strictly philological approach. So., Yu.G. Kruglov distinguishes three types of works in ritual poetry:

sentences,
songs
lamentations.

Each type is represented by a group of genres. Songs are the most important - the oldest layer of musical and poetic folklore. In many rituals they occupied a leading place, combining magical, utilitarian-practical and artistic functions. The songs were sung by the choir. Ritual songs reflected the ritual itself, contributed to its formation and implementation. Spell Songs were a magical appeal to the forces of nature in order to obtain well-being in the household and family. IN songs of praise participants in the ritual were poetically idealized and glorified: real people or mythological images (Kolyada, Maslenitsa, etc.). The opposite of the majestic were reproach songs who ridiculed the participants in the ritual, often in a grotesque form; their content was humorous or satirical. Game songs performed during various youth games; they described and accompanied by imitation field work, and family scenes (for example, matchmaking) were played out. Lyrical songs- the latest phenomenon in the ritual. Their main purpose is to determine thoughts, feelings and moods. Thanks to lyrical songs, a certain emotional flavor was created and traditional ethics were established.

Sources and additional information:

ru.wikipedia.org - material from Wikipedia;
feb-web.ru - material from the “Literary Encyclopedia” (30s of the twentieth century);
lit.1september.ru - ritual folklore; calendar rituals;

What is ritual folklore? First of all, this is folk art, collective or individual, oral, less often written. The folklore style of communication between people usually did not involve emotions. It expressed thoughts and desires associated with certain events and timed to coincide with them. Therefore, rituals mainly consist of songs, lamentations, family stories, lullabies, and wedding praises. Occasional conspiracies, spells and invocations, counting rhymes and slander are considered a separate category.

What is ritual folklore in a broader sense?

These are works of art small form related to traditions, customs, religious and ethnographic genres. It should be noted that in all cases the rituals bear signs of a folk character. At the same time, modernity seems to be blurred. Ancient traditions and customs fit best into the past tense.

The range of folklore rituals is quite wide. This is village choreography, choral singing in nature, during field work, haymaking or grazing. Since traditional customs were present in life ordinary people constantly, the ritual folklore of the Russian people has been and remains an integral part of their existence. The emergence of customs is always associated with long-term circumstances. An ongoing drought that threatens the harvest can become a reason for people to turn to God asking for help. Any natural phenomena that are dangerous to a person also force him to look for a way out of the current situation. And most often these are prayers and requests, candles and notes in churches.

Many rituals and ritual folklore in general have ritual and magical significance. They form the basis of behavioral norms in society, and sometimes even acquire features of national character. This fact testifies to the depth of folklore values, which means

Folklore rituals are divided into labor, holiday, family and love rituals. Russians are closely intertwined with the folklore of other Slavic peoples. And besides, they are often typologically connected with the population of some countries located on the other side of the world. The relationship between seemingly different cultures is often determined by a historical analogy.

Ivan Kupala holiday

Ritual folklore in Russia has always been self-sufficient and did not need external support. The originality of Russian traditions and customs not only passed from generation to generation, but also grew with new rituals, often exotic. The most notable folk rite is this rite. This rite has pagan roots. On the night of Ivan Kupala, high bonfires were lit, and each of those present had to jump over the fire. This was not always possible; there was a danger of falling and getting burned.

At night on Ivan Kupala, it was customary to commit ritual outrages, steal livestock from neighbors, destroy beehives, trample vegetable gardens and firmly prop up the doors of huts with sticks so that residents could not leave. The motives for all these actions are still unclear. The next day, the outrageous fellow villagers again became balanced citizens.

Song ritual

Poetry occupies a significant place in Russian ritual folklore, which can be roughly divided into song poetry (spells, corilations, great songs) and magical poetry (love spells, sentences, lamentations).

Songs-spells turned to nature, asked for prosperity in the household and family matters. The great ones sang at Maslenitsa, carols and other celebrations. Corruption chants were of a mocking nature.

Rituals and calendar

Along with others, in Rus' there was ritual folklore of the calendar type, which was directly related to agricultural work in the broadest sense. Calendar-ritual songs are the most ancient folk art, historically developed over many years of peasant labor in the field and in haymaking.

The agricultural calendar, the schedule of field work according to the seasons, is a kind of program of the song genre. All folk melodies, born behind the plow, harrow and while weeding. The words are simple, but this song poetry contained the whole gamut of human experiences, hope for success, anxious expectations, uncertainty, giving way to glee. Nothing unites people more than a common goal, be it harvesting or choral singing. Social values inevitably take some form. In this case, this is folklore and with it Russian customs.

Folklore by season

The songs of the spring ritual repertoire sounded cheerful. They look like jokes, reckless and daring. The melodies of the summer months seemed deeper, they were sung with a sense of accomplishment, but as if with a hidden expectation of a miracle - a good harvest. In autumn, during harvest time, ritual songs rang like a stretched string. People didn’t relax for a minute, otherwise you wouldn’t have time to collect everything before the rains.

Reason for fun

And when the bins were full, then the folk fun began, ditties, round dances, dances and weddings. The ritual folklore of the calendar phase of intense work smoothly transitioned into festivities and free life with feasts. Young people looked closely at each other, made new acquaintances. And here traditional customs were not forgotten, the ritual folklore of the Russian people “rose to its full height.” In the huts, fortune telling began on the betrothed, the girls spent hours burning candles and swinging rings on thin threads. Shoes and felt boots were thrown over shoulders, whispers were heard in the upper room.

Christmas carols

What is ritual folklore from a religious point of view? The holiday of the Nativity of Christ is considered one of the most traditional in Rus'. It immediately follows the New Year. It is generally accepted that the way you spend this holiday, the rest of the year will be the same. Some people consider Christmas to be the beginning of a new year. This is the main Russian religious event. On January 6, Christmas Eve, caroling began. These are festive walks around houses and apartments with songs and bags full of grain. Children usually go caroling. Everyone wants to receive a pie or a handful of sweets from the owners of the house in response to congratulations on the holiday.

The eldest in the procession of carolers usually carries the “Star of Bethlehem” on a pole, which appeared in the sky when Jesus Christ was born. The owners to whom they came with carols should not skimp on gifts for children, otherwise they will have to listen to the children’s comic reproaches.

The main night of the year

A few days after Christmas, the New Year began (today we call it the Old New Year), which was also accompanied folklore rituals. People wished each other happiness, long life and every success in business. Congratulations were presented in the form of short carols. Also a folk ritual were “sub-bread” songs that accompanied fortune-telling after midnight. This is what ritual folklore is on New Year's Eve!

And when winter is over, it’s time to see it off - and people take to the streets to celebrate Maslenitsa. This is the time of cheerful folklore winter rituals with troika riding, creaking sleigh races, and ice skating games with sticks. The fun continues until dark, and late in the evening the whole family sits by the stove and remembers past holiday. During such gatherings, they sang songs, sang ditties, and played games. This is also ritual family folklore of the Russian people. It includes family stories, wedding songs, lullabies, lamentations, and much more.

It can be family or calendar. Calendar rituals are associated with the fact that ancestors, through spells and rituals, tried to achieve good harvests and protect themselves from the vagaries of nature. Each season had its own calendar rituals and many holidays are associated with them, which have survived to this day. Winter ritual games were accompanied by the singing of carols and songs, and fortune telling.

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Ritual folklore Performed by: Yasak Liliya 7B class Lyceum No. 4 G. Saratov Teacher: Ivanova I. Myu

Folklore (English folklore - “folk wisdom”) is folk art, most often oral. Artistic, collective, creative activity of the people, reflecting their life, views, ideals, principles; poetry created by the people and existing among the masses (legends, songs, ditties, anecdotes, fairy tales, epics), folk music (songs, instrumental tunes and plays), theater (dramas, satirical plays, puppet theater), dance, architecture, fine and arts and crafts.

Ritual folklore can be family or calendar. Calendar rituals are associated with the fact that ancestors, through spells and rituals, tried to achieve good harvests and protect themselves from the vagaries of nature. Each season had its own calendar rituals, and many holidays that have survived to this day are associated with them. Winter ritual games were accompanied by the singing of carols and songs, and fortune telling. Most holidays were celebrated on church calendar. Crown winter holidays There was Maslenitsa, which drove away this winter. The festivities lasted a whole week, and on the last day, an effigy of winter was always burned, and Maslenitsa songs were sung, which were supposed to “call” spring. But after Maslenitsa there was a fast, which could not be broken by any kind of entertainment. On Easter week spring rituals were accompanied by spring spells, livestock spells, round dances, and fortune telling. All moments of the rituals were accompanied by appropriate songs: Vesnyanka, Semitic and Trinity songs. The songs clearly expressed the motives of the cult of agriculture and the identification of living nature. The time had come for love motives.

Each type is represented by a group of genres. Songs are the most important - the oldest layer of musical and poetic folklore. In many rituals they occupied a leading place, combining magical, utilitarian-practical and artistic functions. The songs were sung by the choir. Ritual songs reflected the ritual itself and contributed to its formation and implementation. Spell songs were a magical appeal to the forces of nature in order to achieve well-being in the household and family. In elical songs, participants in the ritual were poetically idealized and glorified: real people or mythological images (Kolyada, Maslenitsa, etc.). Opposite to the majestic ones were the reproachful songs, which ridiculed the participants in the ritual, often in a grotesque form; their content was humorous or satirical. Game songs were performed during various youth games; they described and accompanied by imitation field work, and family scenes (for example, matchmaking) were played out. Lyrical songs are the latest phenomenon in the ritual. Their main purpose is to determine thoughts, feelings and moods. Thanks to lyrical songs, a certain emotional flavor was created and traditional ethics were established.

Non-ritual folklore is divided into four groups: folk drama; poetry; prose; folklore of speech situations.

New Year's rituals, fortune-telling and songs that evoke the harvest, the offspring of livestock, the well-being of the family, happy marriage and wealth were originally associated with the celebration of the birth of the young sun, when the day began to increase. Christmas- new year holidays started with caroling. The ritual of caroling is going around the courtyards with holiday wishes to the owners and receiving gifts for this. Children, boys and girls dressed up in all sorts of ways: they dressed up as a goat, a bear, a kikimora, and a terrible devil - in an inside-out sheepskin coat, with horns and long tail. Their faces were covered with scary and funny masks - “masks” or “hari”. They had fun, scared each other and danced until they dropped. And then they walked around the courtyards again, stopped under the windows and sang carols again. For kind words and good wishes the owners presented the carolers with cookies in the shape of skates, cows, goats and pies. The mummers thanked good people grandeur. All Slavic peoples called songs differently: carols in the south, oats in central Russia, grapes in the north. Christmastide was celebrated by everyone, but most of all by young people. Games, songs, gatherings, and fortune telling filled the two-week Yuletide celebration. As in the most ancient times, boys and girls walked from hut to hut, but now with the image of a star that announced the birth of Christ, and sang majestic, that is, congratulatory songs - carols.

Calendar-ritual songs - A carol has arrived on Christmas Eve! Give me the cow - Butterhead! And God forbid to the one who is in this house: The rye is thick for him, The rye of a supper! * * * * * * * * * * Here we come, shepherds, All our sins have been forgiven. We set our path to home, glorifying Christ God. For greetings, for the treat, please accept congratulations! The Lord would endow you with both life and existence, and wealth in everything! And we met Maslenitsa, We met, dear soul, we met. We've been to the hill, we've been, soul, we've been. They lined the mountain with pancakes, they lined it, soul, they lined it. They stuffed the mountain with cheese, they stuffed it, soul, they stuffed it. They poured oil on the mountain.

Cuckoo, my love, welcome me into the green garden alone. Rejoice ***, love, welcome me into the green garden alone. You will go to the green garden, welcome me to the green garden alone.

Summer songs were sung on Trinity and the holiday of Ivan Kupala. On Trinity Sunday, the girls, having decorated the huts, went into the forest to curl a birch tree and weave wreaths. In the nearest grove they chose a young curly birch tree, decorated it with ribbons and, holding hands, led a round dance, accompanying it with songs. Then they also had a festive meal (lunch) under the birch tree, and after that they broke branches from the same birch tree and wove wreaths, with which they again danced in circles and sang songs. Having danced, they went to the river, threw wreaths on the water and wished: if it floats - happiness, if it spins in one place - the wedding will be upset, if it drowns - the death of relatives or the betrothed. Wreaths were also woven and stored until Trinity Day.

6th grade

Lesson topic: “Calendar-ritual folklore.”

Lesson type: A lesson in studying and initially consolidating new knowledge.

Target: introducing students to the concept of “calendar-ritual folklore”

Planned results: knowledge of the concept of folklore, ritual folklore, the main features of folklore in the life of the people, to become interested in ancient Russian ritual poetry, to learn to compare folklore and literary works, to read folklore works expressively.

Tasks:

1. reveal the basic concepts of the topic: folklore, ritual, ritual folklore, calendar-ritual poetry.

2. Get acquainted with examples of ritual folklore and ancient Russian ritual poetry.

3. Foster love and respect for the traditions of the Russian people.

Equipment: Anikin V.P., Kruglov Yu.G. "Russian folk poetry", presentation, illustrations for works of oral folk art, videos of reconstruction of folk ritual holidays

During the classes:

-Organizing time.

- Formulation of the problem:

Which words from the topic are you familiar with?

What words do you not know the exact meaning of?

Children become familiar with the exact meaning of words.

RITE - a set of actions established by custom, in which religious ideas and customs are embodied.

Ritual folklore - these are songs, dances, various actions that are performed during rituals.

Calendar-ritual folklore - these are rituals associated with folk calendar, which was based on the change of seasons and the schedule of agricultural work.

Oral folk art is embodied in ritual songs, dances, fairy tales, legends, traditions, and other works.

Folklore was an integral part of folk life. It accompanied the first plowing and harvesting of the last sheaf in the field, youth celebrations and Christmas or Trinity rites, christenings and weddings. Ritual songs were considered the same obligatory component of the ritual as the main ritual actions. It was even believed that if all ritual actions were not performed and the songs accompanying them were not performed, then the desired result would not be achieved.

Scenes from various rituals are played out:

Carols.

Calling stoneflies.

Ritual songs.

Folk rituals are divided into two cycles:

- calendar rituals , related to the economic activities of the peasant (farming, animal husbandry, hunting). Calendar rituals are dedicated to winter, spring, summer, autumn - in connection with the schedule of agricultural work according to the seasons, as well as the winter and summer solstice (December 21, 22 and June 21, 22)

- family and household rituals , associated with the birth of a person, his marriage, seeing off to the army or death. Wedding ceremony consisted of a series of sequential actions, none of which were skipped. At funerals, professional mourners (women) performed lamentations: these laments accompanied all episodes of the funeral rite.

Let's look at calendar-ritual folklore.

Calendar-ritual songs belong to the oldest type of folk art, and they got their name because of their connection with the folk agricultural calendar - the schedule of work according to the seasons. Calendar-ritual songs, as a rule, are small in volume and simple in poetic structure. In the songs they beg, call for goodness on Kolyada, Maslenitsa, Spring, Trinity, and sometimes they reproach them for deception and frivolity.

Winter holidays.

Christmas time.

The Christmas New Year holidays lasted from December 24 to January 6. These holidays were associated with winter solstice- one of the most important days of the agricultural calendar, which separated one annual life cycle from another. The Christian Church also refers to this day as the birthday of Jesus Christ.

Caroling began on Christmas Eve, December 24th. This was the name of the festive rounds of houses with the singing of carols, in which the owners of the house were glorified and contained wishes for wealth, harvest, etc.Carols performed by children or youth who carried a star on a pole. This star symbolized Star of Bethlehem, which appeared in the sky at the moment of the birth of Christ.

The owners presented the carolers with sweets, cookies, and money. If the owners were stingy, then the carolers sang mischievous carols with comic threats(listening to the audio recording “Kolyada Walking and Wandering”):

Kolyada has arrived
On the eve of Christmas.
Give me the cow
I'm oiling the head!
And God forbid that
Who's in this house?
The rye is thick for him,
Dinner Rye;
Him from the ear of octopus,
From the grain he has a carpet,
Half-grain pie.
The Lord would grant you
And we live and be,
And wealth
And create for you, Lord,
More better than that!

The meaning of any carol is a kind of “invocation” of happiness and wealth to the generous owner. The more he gives to carolers, the more he will gain in the coming year. A treat is a sign of completeness at home. A carol is a song-spell, a song-spell, a conventional magical game between the owner and the carolers.

The composition of the carols is simple: the formula for the arrival of the holiday, then - the formula for finding a house, its description (with exaggeration), the formula for praising the owners, a request and in the end - a wish or threat.

The beginning of the year was given special significance. How you spend the New Year will be like this coming year. Therefore, we tried to keep the table plentiful, people cheerful, wishing each other happiness and good luck. Cheerful short carols were the song form of such wishes.

One of the types of New Year's songs and rituals of the holy week is “sub-dish songs”, when girls guessed their fate by taking out their decorations from a dish covered with a towel while singing.

Fortune telling scene.

Spring holidays.

Maslenitsa.

Maslenitsa is a moving holiday. At Maslenitsa they had a lot of fun: they rode on troikas with bells, went to visit, baked golden-brown pancakes, sang, danced and played. V.I. Dal wrote that each day of Maslenitsa had its own name: Monday - meeting, Tuesday - flirting, Wednesday - gourmet, Thursday - wide Thursday, Friday - mother-in-law's evening, Saturday - sister-in-law's gatherings, Sunday - farewell. This same week it was customary to go sledding down the mountains. The central ritual actions of the holiday were the meeting of Maslenitsa and its farewell, which, obviously, personified the end of winter and the beginning of spring. To celebrate Maslenitsa, they went outside the village, putting a stuffed animal in a sleigh, solemnly returned and drove through the streets singing songs in which they praised Maslenitsa. At the end of the week, it was also taken out of the village with songs and burned, which, according to the peasants, was supposed to contribute to a rich harvest.

CharacterizingMaslenitsa songs , it can be noted that in them, Maslenitsa is scolded, ridiculed, called upon to return, called by comic human names: Avdotyushka, Izotyevna, Akulina Savvishna, etc.

(listening to the audio recording “Oh, Butterfly Little One”)

Our annual Maslenitsa,
She's a dear guest
She doesn’t come to us on foot,
Everything rides around on komons,
So that the horses are black,
So that the servants are young.

The performers of Maslenitsa rituals “conjured the sun” in a unique way and, according to popular belief, caused its spring “flaring up.” Riding “on the sun”, in a circle, and the persistent custom of baking and eating pancakes, the round shape of which was, as it were, symbolic, became traditional. sign of the sun.

The ceremonies of seeing off Maslenitsa were accompanied by traditional songs. In some, they asked not to leave longer:

And we saw off our Maslyona,
They sighed heavily and deeply for her:
- And Shrovetide, Shrovetide, come back,
Reach out until the great day!

In others, the expression of love for Maslenitsa was replaced by a manifestation of joy that it was celebrated:

And we took our carnival for a ride,
Buried in a hole,
Lie down, Maslenitsa, until the attack...
Shrovetide - wet tail!
Drive home from the yard
Your time has come!
We have streams from the mountains,
Play the ravines
Turn out the shafts
Set up the plow.

Meeting spring.

In Russia, there was a widespread ritual of welcoming spring. Late spring brought famine. At the beginning of March, adults baked ritual cookies in the shape of lark birds, and children carried them to the field or climbed onto the roofs, threw them up and shoutedspring songs, in which they conjured spring to come quickly and drive away the cold winter.

(listening to the audio recording “Oh, larks, larks...”

Spring rites were performed on the main days of the year, Lent, so they had almost no festive playful character.

The main spring genre is stoneflies. They, in fact, were not sung, but clicked, climbing onto hillocks and roofs. They called for spring and said goodbye to winter.

The joyfully greeted spring was supposed to bring its gifts - a rich harvest, offspring of livestock, good luck in economic affairs.

Spring, beautiful spring!
Come, spring, with joy,
With joy, with joy,
With great mercy:
Ugly flax is tall,
Rye and oats are good!

In the evening, the day before Palm Sunday and the Annunciation, women and girls gathered on the river bank, lit a fire, which symbolized the spring “flaring up,” and danced around it.

Summer holidays – opened widethe holiday of Trinity.

Trinity was bright and poetic - the seventh Sunday after Easter. This time was popularly called the "Russian" week or " green Christmastide". This holiday celebrated the blossoming of nature. The porch and house were decorated with greenery, flowers, and more often with fresh birch branches. The center of the holiday was the birch tree, which was “curled” and “developed.” Among the Russian people, the birch tree personified spring nature:

Curl yourself, little birch,
Curl, curly!
We have come to you, we have arrived,
With dumplings, with scrambled eggs,
With wheat pies!

A curled and decorated “birch tree” was cut down and carried around the village. If they “curled birch trees” in the forest, then this was accompanied by the ritual of “nepotism”: the girls kissed each other in pairs through wreaths and thus swore friendship and love to each other, they became “godfathers”.

Ivan Kupala Day - the culmination of the earth's annual cycle.

Kupala rituals . A major holiday was the holiday of Ivan Kupala. For the peasant, after Ivan Kupala, the busiest time began - haymaking and harvest. Rituals with water occupied an important place: in order to be healthy, strong, beautiful, they doused themselves with water and bathed. In some places, young people walked around the village and sang a song that conjured the grain “clean, spiked, vigorous” so that the harvest would be rich.

Autumn holidays

Harvest, haymaking.

At the beginning of the harvest, rituals were necessarily performed with the first sheaf. They called it a birthday party and carried it from the field to the threshing floor with songs. They sang during the harvestliving songs.

Reflection

A conversation is held on issues.

1.What folklore is called ritual?

2.What songs can be called calendar-ritual?

3.When and where were carols sung? How are they different from other songs?

4.Which calendar and ritual songs can be called the most fun?

5.Have you ever heard similar songs? Where and under what circumstances?

6.Did you have to perform such songs yourself? Tell us more about this.

Homework. Group mini-project “Come to our holiday”

Used Books:

The textbook is a textbook for educational institutions in 2 parts. Author – compiler V.P. Polukhina, V.Ya.Korovina and others - M.: Education

Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language: In 3 volumes / Ed. Prof. D.N. Ushakova - M.: Veche. Book World, 2001