Contest« Project activities of junior schoolchildren»

Introduction

I chose this topic because I have been collecting stones for 3 years; I am very interested in discovering the properties of stones and minerals. Traveling into the world of stone is a very exciting experience. When I look at the stones, it’s as if I’m traveling into the distant past of our planet and the area where I live.

There are countless different stones on Earth: beautiful and not so beautiful, different colors and forms. Beauty! I admire the stones and think: after all, each of them contains some kind of secret and a hundred mysteries. And not all of them have probably been revealed and solved. And how much these stones have seen in their lifetime!

So I wanted to know what secrets they conceal. How many are there, how do they differ from each other, are there edible stones, the history of their appearance on Earth, and what benefits do stones bring to people?

Purpose of the study- study of the diversity of the world of stones and minerals Perm region.

Research objectives:

1. Identify the features of the appearance, properties and diversity of stones and minerals.
2. Systematize information about stones and minerals obtained from libraries, museums and other sources.
3. Collect a collection of minerals.

Object of study- are stones and minerals.

Subject- properties of stones and minerals.

Hypotheses: Assumption 1: Let us assume that the shape of the crystal directly depends on the internal structure. Assumption 2: If crystals exist in nature, then there is a mention of them in the literature.

In my work, the following research methods were used: studying literature and Internet information, observation, watching documentaries.

Chapter 1. What is a stone?

Where does the history of the stone begin? Academician A.E. Fersman said that the history of stone begins with the most distant eras of human existence. Didn’t stone exist on Earth before the advent of man? Existed. And geology confirms this. The stone is as old as our Earth. It is an integral part of the Earth and especially its upper part - the earth's crust. Stone is inseparable from the Earth and participates in its geological history.

The stone is natural material and rock used in many industries, including construction. The most common types of minerals and rocks in the form of building and finishing stones:

• Granite - a natural stone of igneous origin, which consists of quartz, plagioclase, potassium feldspar and mica. Color range: gray, red, burgundy-red, red-pink, pink, brown-red, gray-green, black-green with large light splashes. One of the densest, hardest and most durable rocks. Used in construction as a facing material.
• Limestone - natural stone of sedimentary origin, white, consisting of calcium carbonate (calcite).
• Marble is the most popular and elite stone among natural stones.
• Quartzite-sandstone - a natural stone, a monolith of sedimentary origin, the rock-forming mineral of which is quartz. Color range: yellow, beige, gray natural shades with a pronounced pattern.
• Sandstone - a natural stone of sedimentary origin, consisting mainly of quartz particles. Color range: yellow, yellow-brown, gray, gray-green natural shades.
• Quartzite - a natural stone that belongs to metamorphic rocks consisting mainly of quartz and mica. Color range: gray-green and yellow-brown natural shades, with silver inclusions of mica.
• Slate - a generalized name for various rocks with parallel layering and the ability to split into separate plates; natural stone of dark green, gray, brown, yellow, red and other shades.
• Porphyry - a natural stone that belongs to a fine-crystalline igneous rock with large inclusions of quartz crystals. Color range: dark red, brown natural shades, with black splashes.
• Dolomite - a natural stone of sedimentary origin, consisting entirely of the mineral dolomite. Color range: pink, yellow natural shades.
• Onyx is a decorative and ornamental stone. This stone has an unusual color, beautiful and thin stripes give it an unusual beauty.

Natural stone is one of the oldest materials used by people to build houses, bridges or cladding facades. Thanks to its beauty, strength and durability, natural stone can decorate palaces, temples, estates or ordinary houses.

In modern construction, most often natural stones used for external and internal cladding of buildings. For interior cladding, special marble or granite wallpaper is used.

The combination of mosaic designs and patterned structures gives appearance beauty and wealth. Natural stone is wear-resistant, frost-resistant and almost does not absorb moisture.

Conclusion. I found out that stone is a natural material and rock. The most common types of minerals and rocks in the form of building and finishing stones.

Natural stone is wear-resistant, frost-resistant and almost does not absorb moisture. Stone is used in many industries, including construction.

Chapter 2. History of minerals

Minerals appeared on the very early stage development of the Earth as a planet. They are the very first witnesses of the geological history of the Earth.

The modern definition is as follows: a mineral is a solid body of natural inorganic origin that has a crystalline structure and composition that can be expressed by a chemical formula. That is, minerals are crystals (or crystals), they can be touched, measured, weighed, or at least seen, even through a magnifying glass or microscope. The very concept of “mineral” arose relatively recently.

Of course, it was completely unfamiliar to primitive man. He knew nothing about chemical compositions and crystal structures. All around he saw just stones, and it was enough for him to know those properties that were important in the manufacture of primitive tools and structures. But the findings of archaeologists point to the curious fact that individual minerals (as we would call them today) were interesting to ancient man regardless of their practical use.

Why, for example, did he need a cube of galena, tens of thousands of years later, in 1986, found by American archaeologists during excavations of Paleolithic mounds in the Mississippi Valley? After all, galena, as you know, does not lie under your feet anywhere. An ancient man could have picked it up no closer than a hundred kilometers from the excavation site, where the ore deposit of the Viburnum-Trend strip reaches the surface of the earth. There are no witnesses to this event, and we can only assume that the galena crystal interested the person due to its unusual appearance - brilliance, heaviness.

Until the beginning of the 16th century, the difference between minerals as such and rocks, fossils, ores, and artificial products was still unknown.

The term “mineral” itself, as far as is known, was first used by a learned monk in the 13th century. Albertus Magnus (Albert the Great). In medieval Latin it meant “that which comes from a mine,” “fossil.” The allusion to a practical attitude towards minerals was a reflection of a more mature stage of the division of labor and, accordingly, the differentiation of knowledge: artificial bodies were excluded from the concept of a mineral. But minerals still included any fossils: rock fragments, fossilized remains of animals and plants, as well as water, oil, coal. The need to separate concepts has not yet matured.

During the Renaissance, the rise of industrial production and trade increased the demand for metals, especially non-ferrous and precious metals. Demand caused intensive development of ore deposits, the development of mining and metallurgy. New questions have arisen for science, primarily regarding ore minerals and their companions in ore veins and deposits. This is where mineralogy began as a science.

Every year 40-60 new minerals are discovered. Nowadays, these are usually some kind of plaque or individual grains, because the minerals that form large crystals and large accumulations have already been noticed and discovered in the past.

With the development of human society and the exploration of nature, more and more new beneficial features stone, its use expanded, and its history became more complex. Therefore, modern life is unthinkable without stone.

Conclusion. Minerals appeared at a very early stage in the development of the Earth as a planet. The term “mineral” was first used by a learned monk in the 13th century. Albertus Magnus (Albert the Great). In medieval Latin it meant “that which comes from a mine,” “fossil.” Every year 40-60 new minerals are discovered. Modern life is unthinkable without stone.

Chapter 3. Useful stones

Halite- natural mineral class of halogens, subclass sodium chloride. For an ordinary person, this is rock table salt, which is used daily for food. The history of the mineral goes back to the era of the origin of life on the planet, when the water in the world’s oceans was already salty. That is why the Ancient Greeks called it “halite”, which means “sea”, “salt”.

The chemical formula of halite is NaCl, contains 60.6% chlorine and 39.4% sodium. A pure mineral is transparent, opaque or translucent, colorless or white with a glassy sheen. Depending on additional impurities, it may have shades: with iron oxide - yellow and red tones, organic inclusions - colors from brown to black, clay impurities - gray shades. An interesting blue and lilac color is given to halite by an admixture of sylvite (potassium chloride).

Large deposits of halite were formed hundreds of millions of years ago in North America and Eurasia during the Permian period, when these areas were characterized by a hot and dry climate.

In modern times, rock salt large quantities is mined in Russia - in the Solikamsk and Sol-Iletsk deposits of the Urals, the Usolye-Siberian basin, located in the vicinity of Irkutsk, the Iletsk districts of the Orenburg region, the Solvychegodsk deposit of the Arkhangelsk region, as well as the Verkhnekamsk region, located in the vicinity of Perm. Self-sedimented halite is developed in the Lower Volga region and coastal areas of Lake Baskunchak in the Astrakhan region.

Coal. Coal is a sedimentary rock that is formed as a result of the decomposition of vegetation remains (ferns, horsetails, seed plants). The main types of coal according to classification are: anthracite coal, brown coal, hard coal. Coal mining is carried out by open (quarry) and closed (mine) methods. Coal is used for heating, energy, agricultural (in the form of fertilizers) and other industries. Coal was the first fossil fuel used by humans. It enabled the industrial revolution, which in turn contributed to the development of the coal industry, providing it with more modern technology.

Granite. Granite is a common crystalline rock, deposits of which are located throughout the planet. Translated from Latin, “granite” means “grain,” which characterizes the structure of the stone. This is frozen intrusive magma, which did not have time to rise to the earth's surface, and formed coarse granite crystals.

The main share of the mineral composition of granite in the amount of 60-65% is occupied by feldspars. 25-30% of inclusions are quartz, and a small percentage is allocated to dark-colored minerals - hornblende and biorite.

Granite has high levels of hardness, strength and density. The stone is 2 times stronger than marble, and its density reaches 2600 kg/m³. It is resistant to low temperatures, moisture and dirt. The stone is subject to melting at temperatures from +700°C.

In terms of chemical composition, granite is an acidic rock, the acidity composition of which can be determined by the amount of silicon dioxide. The higher the percentage of silicon dioxide in granite, the lighter the color of the mineral. Granite deposits have a global scale and are located throughout the planet. More than 50 granite deposits different types is located in Russia. The Khabarovsk Territory and Transbaikalia, Voronezh, Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk regions, the Karelian Isthmus and the Urals are rich in mineral deposits.

Chalk. Who among us doesn't know chalk? Whose pockets and fingers have not been soiled by a piece of light stone the color of snow? Who doesn’t know the happiness of artistic creativity of the “Cretaceous” period? Who, as a teenager, did not explore the properties of chalk in “bubbling” experiments or examine a chalk smear under a microscope?

Mineral chalk is a witness to eras that passed tens of millions of years ago. Awareness of this fact changes the perception of familiar material. Having a biological origin, the chalk stone acquired its properties from organisms that lived in time immemorial.

The Cretaceous period is a period of time covering about 80 million years during the reign of dinosaurs. The warm and shallow (30-500 meters deep) seas of that time gave shelter to myriads of tiny mollusks that built their skeletons and shells from calcium extracted from the water.

The remains of these creatures, accumulated in multi-meter layers in bottom sediments, turned into chalk, which is familiar to us. In percentage terms, the mineral chalk is divided into the following parts:
fragments of skeletons - about 10%. We are talking not only about the simplest creatures, but also about multicellular animals endowed with the ability to extract and concentrate calcium salts in tissues.

Conclusion. I learned that there are useful stones such as: halite - a natural mineral; rock table salt, which he uses daily for food; coal was the first type of fossil fuel used by humans; granite has high levels of hardness, strength and density; well known to us, chalk.

Chapter 4. Gems

Gemstones personify the beauty that nature presents to us. Day after day, year after year, it grows in its depths a fabulous splendor that appears before us in the form of wondrous lines and bizarre colors and shades of semi-precious stones.

Nature has a huge number of colored, semi-precious and precious stones, approximately 160 species, but only about thirty species are especially valuable among them - diamond and sapphire, ruby ​​and emerald, tourmaline, topaz, alexandrite, opal, amethyst, turquoise, pearl - these stones are especially valued.

The first mentions of gems were found on clay tablets of Babylon, which were created about six thousand years ago, and spoke of sacred amulets-talismans made of carnelian, jade and lapis lazuli. IN Ancient Egypt the love for precious stones was simply enormous - they were used to decorate clothes, buildings, furniture and even kitchen utensils. The Egyptians knew almost all precious stones.

During the Middle Ages, many scientists became interested in studying the magical properties of stones; minerals and their healing and magical properties were described.

But it was not the magical properties that attracted people much more, but the beauty of the stones - rings, earrings, necklaces made by jewelers adorned kings, kings, and there are legends about the jewelry of caliphs and rajahs; they still have no analogues.

Recently I learned about the healing effects of stones (minerals) on the human body. This section is called lithotherapy. Lithotherapy is the therapeutic effect of stones (minerals) on the human body.

Modern pharmacology uses more than 50 different minerals to prepare various medicines. It is believed that minerals coordinate the vascular circulatory system and brain activity.

• Aventurine - balances emotions, maintains a joyful mood and clarity of mind.
• Aquamarine - relieves stress, eliminates phobias.
• Alexandrite - calms, promotes openness and communication.
• Diamond - improves brain function, enhances the energy of abstract thinking, increases contact.
• Amethyst - relieves headaches, insomnia, strengthens the endocrine system, increases the activity of the right hemisphere of the brain.
• Turquoise - balances emotions, strengthens the sense of mutual understanding.
• Pearls - strengthens memory, brings peace and tranquility.
• Emerald - eliminates affects.
• Corals - strengthen memory, relieve tics, control emotions.
• Lapis lazuli improves visual acuity and reduces pain.
• Malachite - stimulates the functioning of the heart, blood vessels, and lungs.
• Jade - stimulates kidney function.
• Opal - enhances the sense of intuition.
• Sapphire - helps in the treatment of diabetes, disorders of the skeletal system, and relieves insomnia.
• Carnelian - strengthens teeth, stimulates speech.
• Topaz - affects the thyroid gland.
• Crystal - improves blood, stimulates the pituitary and pineal glands.
• Amber - stimulates the nervous system, improves the respiratory system, increases hemoglobin in the blood.

Conclusion. Nature has a huge number of colored, semi-precious and precious stones, approximately 160 species, which have attracted people magical properties, healing effects and beauty of stones.

Chapter 5. How to become a collector

I was very young when I first noticed on the roads of the village of Voskresenskoye, where I visited my grandparents for the summer, a stone of extraordinary beauty. It shimmered with all the colors of the rainbow and had a strange shape. As my grandfather explained to me, it was slag, a waste by-product from the production of copper, which was smelted almost 300 years ago at the local Voskresensky copper smelter.

I became very interested in what stones are and what they are like. I began to be interested in them, collect them, I had a desire to know more and more about them and, of course, each time to replenish my collection of stones and minerals.

You can simply collect beautiful, attractive specimens, but the collection of minerals and rocks, which shows how minerals were formed or what geological structure they have, and collecting takes on the features of scientific research.

There are several approaches to forming a collection. You can collect minerals by class according to the reference book, by deposits and regions, by the geological processes of their formation, and by the principle of use in industry. An interesting collection is based on the periodic table, where most elements would correspond to minerals in the form in which they exist in nature.

Each sample must be accompanied by a label indicating the name of the mineral, deposit, date of collection, and catalog number. In general, I advise you not to rely on memory, but to carefully catalog your collection, when over the years it will number hundreds or thousands of specimens; no wonder you will get completely confused without keeping records.

The number should be applied in ink to a small piece of adhesive tape or to white nitro enamel on the less attractive part of the mineral.

A little about storage. Of course, it is not always possible to organize a museum display at home, but it is worth taking care that the samples do not gather dust, do not hit each other, or fall on the floor. Do not store minerals on open shelves that may become discolored by exposure. sunlight(for example, amethysts). For samples that are not too fragile, zip bags are convenient; others should be kept in individual boxes with a label attached.

Most minerals can be washed with plain water, but still check your handbook; others may require specific cleaning. For example, carbonates become coated when washed with soap; easily soluble minerals, of course, should not be rinsed in water.

Sulfides are susceptible to oxidation, the edges become dull, and a characteristic odor appears. It is advisable to coat hygroscopic and dehydrating minerals with a protective colorless varnish. Opals become cloudy and deteriorate over time; periodic immersion in water is necessary.

Conclusion. There are several approaches to forming a collection.

You can collect minerals by class, by deposits and regions, by the geological processes of their formation, by the principle of use in industry, according to the periodic table. Mineral stones should be stored taking into account their properties.

Conclusion

After doing my research, I found that:

• The inanimate world around us consists of stones, like bricks;
• about 3,500 types of minerals are known;
• the process of mineral formation occurs deep in the bowels of the Earth;
• the only mineral that can be eaten is halite, or table salt;
• minerals are widely used in construction and industry;
• You can look for minerals for your collection everywhere!

Based on the data I received, we can conclude that our life without minerals would be much more difficult, the world of minerals has not been fully explored and is fraught with many mysteries, right under our feet you can find both minerals known to science and discover new ones.

I am very interested in minerals and stones and will continue to collect a collection of minerals.

List of used literature

1. Large series of knowledge. Planet Earth. - M.: Book World LLC, 2004.
2. Klenov A.S. For kids about minerals. - M.: “Pedagogy-Press”, 1996.
3. Carol Varley, Lisa Miles. World Geography. Encyclopedia. - M.: ROSMAN, 1997.
4. I explore the world: Children's encyclopedia: Geography / Author-comp. V.A. Markin. - M.: LLC Publishing House AST-LTD, 1997.
5. Minerals. Treasures of the Earth. - De Agostini LLC, 2009.
6. Children's Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius. Multimedia encyclopedia. - Cyril and Methodius LLC, 2007.
7. http://klopotow.narod.ru/soveti/min_1.html

Completed by: Alexander Anichin, student of grade 4 “B”, Perm. Scientific supervisor: Oborina E. A., class teacher of grade 4 “B”.

Presentation. Stones and minerals of the Perm region

Olga Kirova
Project "This amazing world stones and minerals” older age.

Municipal budgetary preschool educational institution.

Kindergarten "Firefly". P. Uralsky, Nytvensky district, Perm region.

PROJECT

« This wonderful world of stones and minerals»

First qualification category

Kirova O. S. 2014.

Type project: educational and research.

participants project- children middle group, teacher, parents.

Duration: June-July 2014.

Subject of study – objects of non-living nature – stones, minerals, crystals

Main directions project:

Cognitive and research

Relevance project:

Living in a country rich in mineral resources, children have no knowledge of those around us stones and minerals. Introducing children to diversity stones Helps you get to know nature better native land and countries. For centuries, our region has been famous for its mineral resources, which children and even adults, unfortunately, are not familiar with.

Direct communication with stones has a great influence on the formation of moral feelings in a child, promotes the formation of an active vocabulary, develops imagination, and promotes the harmonious development of personality. Involving children in research activities is a means of developing their curiosity, interest and caring attitude towards natural resources.

In preschool age Of particular importance for the development of a child’s personality is his assimilation of ideas about the relationship between nature and man. Mastering the methods of practical interaction with the environment expands the child’s worldview and his personal growth. Therefore, it is necessary to develop in a preschooler the ability to establish the simplest relationships and patterns about the phenomena of the surrounding world and independently apply knowledge in practical activities. To help preschoolers establish cause-and-effect relationships in living and inanimate nature, developing in them a caring attitude towards the world around them.

Target project:

Creating conditions in joint and independent activity. Development of children's cognitive and research abilities, formation of children's logical thinking.

Tasks:

Contribute to expanding children's knowledge about the properties and features stones and minerals;

Develop cognitive activity.

Expand children's vocabulary, form coherent speech

To cultivate a sense of beauty to see the diversity of the world.

Expected result:

children learned to distinguish minerals and crystals,

be able to name their features;

learned to work with a magnifying glass and tweezers.

Working with parents:

Introduce project.

Help in collecting material about stones

Help in decorating a mini-museum « stones»

Action plan:

Organization of a developmental, cognitive, subject environment;

Determining the directions of cognitive practical activity;

Organization of joint creative cognitive practical activities.

Event plan project activities

Stages Collaboration teacher with children

1. Information for parents about upcoming activities.

Selection of demonstration material on this topic.

Selection of fiction.

"Minerals" Children's Encyclopedia;

"How do they live stones» E. Chuiko. Expand parents' understanding of diversity stones and minerals of our region. Get interested in what's coming project/

2. "Amazing stones"

Target: introduce children to the diversity of the world stones. Consider and identify the properties and qualities of the proposed materials

3."We are geologists"

Goals: develop tactile sensations. Know the properties by touch substances: hardness, softness, buoyancy.

Learn to compare and distinguish substances according to their state.

Develop the ability to independently build a hypothesis before starting experimentation and compare it with the result.

4. "Minerals"

Target: Summarize knowledge about minerals; give children an idea of ​​the properties of magnets and how they are used in industry; develop the desire for search and cognitive activity, mental activity, the ability to observe, analyze, and draw conclusions; develop the ability to work in a team.

Drawing by Design "Pebble Transformation"

Target: teach children to create artistic images based on natural forms. Introduce in different ways drawing on stones different forms . Improve visual techniques. Develop imagination.

Reading fiction

Fairy tale by I. N. Ryzhova “What the pebbles were whispering about”

P. Bazhov "Malachite Box", "Silver Hoof", "Mistress of Copper Mountain"

Poems, proverbs and sayings about stones.

Target: introduce children to the works of Pavel Bazhov. Emotionally include children in the atmosphere "skaz", listening to his lively dialogues that evoke good feelings. Develop children's imagination and ability to imagine fairy tale hero and describe it.

Watching cartoons;

Based on the fairy tales of P. Bazhov "Malachite Box", "Stone Flower"

Target: Continue to introduce the work of P. Bazhov, his literary heroes.

Outdoor games: "We are rock climbers", "King of the Hill", "Find your stone"

Target: Develop children’s motor skills and abilities, learn and remember the rules of the game. Play by yourself

View presentations: "World stones» , "Precious stones»

Target: Develop cognitive interest. Introduce names minerals, stones

Didactic games with stones for the development of sensory abilities, fine motor skills

What's extra? "

- "Find a couple"

-"Continue the series"

Board-printed games

- "Living and inanimate nature"

Role-playing game

"In Search of Treasure"

Target: Develop logical thinking, attention, visual perception, the ability to select an object by color, cultivate perseverance, patience, teach to put the material back in place.

Created a mini-museum « Amazing stones»

Conducted a quiz "What do we know about stones»

Exhibition "Products from stone»

Target: Reveal acquired knowledge about the proposed topic. Develop independence in choosing a topic you like and the ability to speak coherently.

Minerals and rocks of Russia and the USSR

Part 1. Minerals. What are minerals

History of the concept "mineral"

Define the term "mineral", or, scientifically speaking, definition, not very simple. After all, ideas about what should be understood under the name “mineral” have changed repeatedly over the years, developing and deepening as methods for studying mineral substances have been improved and - in close connection with this - theoretical foundations mineral sciences - mineralogy; in turn, as always happens in science, further development and improvement of the theory largely contributed to an increasingly correct understanding of new experimental data and an increasingly adequate interpretation of empirical observations.

Particularly dramatic changes in views on minerals have occurred over the past quarter century; in many respects they are fundamental in nature and essentially mean radical disruption previous ideas that prevailed from the mid-19th to the mid-20th centuries. Therefore, it is best to try to define the concept of “mineral” in its historical development.

Along the way, we will have to touch upon, at least in the most general terms, some phenomena, directly related to the world of minerals - such as isomorphism and solid solutions, polymorphism and polytypy, order-disorder in crystals, mixed-layer and metamict minerals, etc. without understanding all this, it is impossible to understand the modern scientific approach to minerals as very complex natural objects. In addition, the idea of ​​mineral and paragenetic associations, as well as the typomorphism of minerals, is introduced.

The term "mineral" is happening from the Middle Latin word "minera", which means "a piece of ore", "a stone from which metal is obtained, and its origin is lost in the distance of centuries. Who, when, where and under what circumstances came up with the word “mineral” is unknown. Most likely it was born in the late Middle Ages or at the dawn of the Renaissance somewhere in Saxony or Bohemia: there, in the Ore Mountains, tin, lead, silver and other metals were mined from ancient times; and Latin remained the international language of science until the turn of the 18th-19th centuries.

To Russian language the word "mineral", like many other foreign words, has come into use since the time of Peter I; most likely, it was then borrowed from the German language, representing a "tracing" of the German word "Mineral".

For many hundreds of years minerals were not distinguished from rocks; For the first time, the “father of German geology” A.G. Werner (1749-1817) tried to differentiate them - although he did not complete this attempt - at the end of the 18th - very beginning of the 19th centuries. The actual separation of minerals from rocks occurred in the middle of the 19th century - at the same time when the independent science of rocks was born in the depths of mineralogy and then separated from it - petrography. The distinction between rocks and minerals was based on a clear criteria: internal heterogeneity (heterogeneity) of the former and homogeneity (homogeneity) of the latter. After all, all rocks are composed of minerals, and only in rare cases is one mineral sharply predominant in their composition; then they are called anchimonomineral, i.e. almost monomineral (but still almost, not completely).

Examples Such almost monomineral formations are known among igneous, metamorphic and sedimentary rocks: dunites and olivinites, composed mainly of olivine; some pyroxenites, consisting predominantly (more than 90%) of one type of pyroxene; anorthosites and labradorites containing almost 100% basic plagioclase; quartzites and quartz sandstones are essentially quartz rocks; carbonate (essentially calcite) rocks: limestones, marbles, carbonatites, etc.; anchimonineral albite and microcline rocks - albitites (up to 96% albite) and microclinites (up to 95% microcline). But even in such rocks there is always at least a small amount (in total - from the first to 10-15%) of other minerals, called in such cases minor or accessory.

The vast majority of rocks simultaneously contain 4-5 (or even more) rock-forming minerals, i.e. they are obviously heterogeneous (heterogeneous) in their composition and structure. And some breeds are characterized relative constancy of qualitative and quantitative mineral, as well as chemical composition, while others, on the contrary, are characterized by its large spatial variability.

As if starting from the fact of the heterogeneity and polymineral nature of the vast majority of rocks, which not so long ago were mixed with minerals, and have now come into the “possession” of petrographers, mineralogists, in search of a reliable criterion for delimiting “spheres of influence” with petrographers, brought to the fore statement that they are studying natural crystalline substances of a completely definite (in each specific case) and constant composition - chemical compounds, the uniformity (homogeneity) of which is beyond doubt. In any definitions of the concept of “mineral”, until very recently, both seemingly inalienable properties of minerals were first postulated and very persistently emphasized: the constancy and certainty of their chemical composition, as well as the inextricably linked internal homogeneity.

There are also another version, according to which the word “mineral” is derived from the Latin mina - underground passage, adit; It is possible, however, that the word minera itself is also connected with mina. By the way, the Russian word “ore”, which also appeared in the Middle Ages, is derived from the ancient Slavic “rudoy”, or “rudy”, meaning red, reddish-brown, dark and hot red color (according to V.I. Dahl ); These are the colors used to paint the bog ores of Karelia, from which iron was first smelted in Rus'. In a number of Western Slavic languages, the word “ore” means “blood”; It is possible, therefore, to understand the deep meaning of the miner’s term “ore” as “the blood of mountain (ore) veins.”

As if starting from the fact of the heterogeneity and polymineral nature of the vast majority of rocks, not so long ago mixed with minerals, and now passed into the “possession” of petrographers, mineralogists, in search of a reliable criterion for delimiting “spheres of influence” with petrographers, highlighted the statement that they are studying natural crystalline substances of a completely definite (in each specific case) and constant composition - chemical compounds, the uniformity (homogeneity) of which is beyond doubt. In any definitions of the concept of “mineral”, until very recently, both seemingly inalienable properties of minerals were first postulated and very persistently emphasized: the constancy and certainty of their chemical composition, as well as the inextricably linked internal homogeneity.

V.I.Vernadsky at the beginning of the 20th century, he defined minerals as products of natural chemical reactions occurring in the earth’s crust and in the bowels of the earth. This absolutely correct definition remains in force today, but due to its too general nature, it requires additional clarification and specification.

Meanwhile, the application of radiography to the study of minerals (since 1915) not only did not shake the general confidence in their homogeneity, but, paradoxical as it may sound, even strengthened it, establishing the individuality of the crystal structure of various minerals (for more details on the crystal structure of minerals, see Chapter 2A). The fact is that radiography- integral and not very sensitive method; it “does not notice” either fine mineral deposits or impurities present in low concentrations.

True, the combination of X-ray diffraction and chemical analysis made it possible to identify numerous isomorphic series and series(about isomorphism, see below, paragraph 1.12.), the chemical composition of the intermediate members of which naturally changes within the framework determined by the compositions of the final members of the series (for example, the olivine series: forsterite Mg 2 SiO 4 - fayalite Fe 2 SiO 4). But this, although very important, was rather of a general nature, i.e. concerned mainly with mineralogical taxonomy, its ordering and the further development of the classification of minerals on a crystal chemical basis. In relation to individual crystals or other mineral deposits, the traditional view of them as internally homogeneous substances of constant composition, rooted in the minds of mineralogists, remained unshakable, apparently, until the turn of the 60-70s. XX century.

It was at this time that the increasingly widespread penetration into mineralogical research new methods, mainly borrowed from the arsenal of solid state physics and based on the use of equipment with high resolution - primarily an electron microscope, including high resolution (which sometimes allows one to directly see and distinguish individual molecules of a substance and even crystal lattice units), and an electron microprobe , which makes it possible to carry out local micro-X-ray spectral analysis of minerals, i.e. determine their elemental composition “at a point”.

The two methods mentioned above should be add also neutron and electron diffraction (paired with electron microscopy), which help clarify the crystal structures of minerals, infrared (IR) spectroscopy - a method for studying the composition and structure of matter at the level of molecules and radicals, luminescence spectroscopy, resonance spectroscopy methods (electron paramagnetic resonance - EPR, nuclear magnetic resonance - NMR, nuclear gamma resonance - NGR, based on the Mössbauer effect), “sensing” individual “point” impurity and radiation defects in crystals, as well as recording the nature of the “settlement” of atoms and ions in the crystal structure (i.e. , transferring the study of its subtle features to the atomic and even to the electron-nuclear level).

Mass application These and other physical methods in mineralogical laboratories in all developed countries of the world have led over the past 25 years to a radical revision of previous ideas about real minerals.

See images and descriptions of others natural objects Russia and neighboring countries -

Municipal educational institution "Katayskaya secondary educational school No. 1"

Research

The world Minerals

Student of 4th grade

Panov Maxim

Teacher:

Galunchikova Elena

Nikolaevna

Kataysk 2010

1. Introduction

2. Minerals

2.1. Variety of minerals

2.2. Origin of minerals

2.2. Minerals around us

3. Interesting facts about minerals

3.1. Start of the collection

3.2. Minerals of the Urals

4. Conclusion

5. List of used literature

1. Introduction

My theme research work- “Minerals”.

I chose this topic because I have always liked stones. When I was little, I would fill my pockets full of them and take them home. I put them in boxes, looked at them for a long time, and played with them. In the sand, by the river or on the road, I was always looking for beautiful and unusual stones. I was very interested in why all the stones are different and not similar to each other? Where do stones even come from? Where to find real mineral, and is it possible to find it underfoot? What if there were no minerals on Earth? Are there edible minerals? I used to think that some kind of volcano was throwing rocks out while I was sleeping. Or some force pushes them out of the ground.

Purpose of my research– find out the answers to your questions.

Job objectives:

· study literature about minerals;

· find out how minerals were formed on Earth;

How many different minerals are there?

· establish where you can find minerals for the collection.

Research methods :

Questioning other people

Literature study,

Accessing the computer

Visiting museums,

Observation,

Study of samples from the collection.

2. Minerals

2.1. Variety of minerals

If you carefully examine a pebble, you will notice that it is often multi-colored - either striped, due to piercing veins, or spotted, or with irregularly shaped stains. This happens because the pebble is made up of different minerals. Minerals differ in color, hardness, weight and composition. The world of inanimate nature around us consists of them, like bricks - both huge boulders and fine sand. Beautiful “ornamental” and precious stones (jade, agate, turquoise, garnet, diamond, sapphire) are also minerals.

By definition, a mineral is a solid of natural inorganic origin that has a crystalline structure and composition that can be expressed by a chemical formula. That is, minerals are crystals (or crystals), they can be touched, measured, weighed, or at least seen, even through a magnifying glass or microscope. The term “mineral” itself, as far as is known, was first used by a learned monk in the 13th century. Albertus Magnus (Albert the Great). In medieval Latin it meant “that which comes from a mine,” “fossil.”

Today, about 3,500 types of minerals are known, but only a few dozen are common on the surface of the earth.

Garnet Sapphire

2.2. Origin of minerals

In nature, minerals are found in pure form, but much more often they form compounds with other minerals. Such natural compounds of minerals are called rocks. For example, granite is composed of quartz, mica and feldspar. There are several thousand rocks on our planet. According to the method of origin, rocks and minerals are divided into igneous, sedimentary and metamorphic.

When molten rocks erupt from the depths of the Earth, igneous rocks. These are granite, andesite, basalt, gabbro, peridotite. The red-hot mass rises along natural cracks, gradually cools and hardens. Sometimes molten rocks flow onto the surface of the Earth in the form of lava (during volcanic eruptions) and also solidify.

Granite Basalt

From the fragments of ancient rocks, destroyed by wind and sudden temperature changes, arise sedimentary rocks. Such debris and grains of sand often accumulate along with the remains of plants and animals on the bottom of oceans and seas. This process is very long and continuous, so the following layers are gradually applied to the already settled debris and particles, under the weight of which the lower layers are compacted. Limestone, sandstone, and gypsum are formed.

If sedimentary or igneous rocks fall to great depths, then under the influence high temperatures and pressure they change greatly and turn into new rocks - metamorphic. In this way, hard marble is formed from soft and friable limestone.

Thus, the Earth in its depths bears and then creates a phenomenal creation - stones. This process is hidden from our observations, as it occurs deep in the bowels of the Earth. As a result of processes associated with the internal heat of the Earth, the bulk of minerals are formed under enormous pressure.

2.3. Minerals around us

We actually deal with many minerals in Everyday life. And literally every day - with the most vital, irreplaceable mineral No. 1 - ordinary table (rock) salt, halite. The common salt we eat is a mineral that geologists call halite. Salt is not only dissolved in sea water. It is also found in the mountains in the form of crystals. This rock salt is called halite. This is the only mineral that can be eaten. The name comes from the Greek "gallos" - sea ​​salt. In color it is predominantly white, sometimes colorless. Sometimes, due to impurities of other minerals, it acquires an intense blue or red color.

It’s possible to live somehow without other minerals; although what is life, for example, without feldspar, from which porcelain, earthenware and toothpastes are made; or, especially, without minerals - precious stones? Natural stones used in construction also consist of minerals. Some minerals serve as sources of metals from which nails and clockworks, wires, microcircuits, computers and many other necessary things are made. One of the most common minerals is quartz. It is what sand on the beach and in the quarry mainly consists of.

3. Interesting facts about minerals

3.1. Start of the collection

When I was little, I got my first mineral - agate. It was like that : My grandfather and I went to the village of Borovoe. An acquaintance of my grandfather gave me an agate. He told me : “This stone is called agate. I’ll give it to you, it protects against diseases.” This stone is always on my table. I really like him. It has a unique beautiful drawing and color. On one side it is polished.

My agate

The mineral agate is a beautiful ornamental stone; it is considered semi-precious. Agate comes in bluish gray, dark gray, white and brown. There is a deposit of agates in the Kataysky region. Agate is found near the Sinara River near the village of Zyryanskoye. Here is the Zyryansky quarry. In the summer I was there and observed the work of equipment in the quarry. My dad told me that a mineral is mined here - granite. It is crushed and crushed stone is obtained, which is used in road construction. In the summer I want to go to the Sinara River and perhaps find minerals for my collection.

Zyryansky quarry

I collect stones for my collection near the river, lake, in the mountains, in the forest and just on the road. Nowadays the publishing house “De Agostini” publishes the magazine “Minerals - Treasures of the Earth”. It is interesting because with each issue of the magazine I receive a sample of a mineral for the collection.

I also like the mineral Aragonite. I'm interested in its shape.

Aragonite from my collection

After calcite, aragonite is the most famous calcium carbonate. It is formed when low temperatures, for example, in caves. The calling card of aragonite is hexagonal prismatic tees, that is, three crystals grow together. Aragonite is found in Spain, Morocco, and also in Russia in the Urals.

3.2. Minerals of the Urals

I learned from the Internet that the Urals are the region from which the mineralogical glory of Russia began. Today, many interesting minerals for collections are found in this area. Almost all known minerals, gold, platinum, topaz, hematite, emerald, pyrite, chrysolite and others are found in the Urals. Perhaps no country, no corner of our planet can compare with our gray Urals in terms of wealth and diversity of mineral resources.

Especially many different minerals are found in the Ilmen Mountains, in the Chelyabinsk region, near the city of Chebarkul. There is the famous Ilmensky Nature Reserve. I visited this reserve. The museum displays samples of rocks and minerals of the Ilmen Mountains . There, 764 mineral species and their varieties are presented. I also attended an exhibition of minerals at the Local History Museum of Chelyabinsk. I really enjoyed these exhibitions. There I saw a lot of stones, various minerals, very beautiful and varied. I learned that some of the rocks I found were minerals, such as rock crystal.
Rock crystal is found almost everywhere in the Urals. The colored varieties of rock crystal have their own names. Rock crystal, crystalline quartz, is one of the most common minerals on earth.

I learned from the Internet that you can look for minerals for your collection anywhere! First of all, of course, in various mines and quarries, as well as in rocks, screes, river canyons, and river pebbles. Stones for collections are even found on the slopes of railways and roads, in construction pits, and various ditches.

A bright rainbow lives in the rock crystal pebbles of one of the Ural rivers

Individual crystals and inclusions of pyrite in vein quartz, mountain gold. It is found almost everywhere in the Ural mountains.

Cave onyx, stalagmite in section. Caves of the Middle Urals

4. Conclusion

After doing my research, I found that:

5. List of used literature

1. Planet Earth. Encyclopedia. – M.: Publishing house “ROSMEN”, 1997.

2. Riley P., Oliver K. Earth and oceans. – ZAO Publishing House ROSMEN-PRESS, 2005.

3. Minerals. Treasures of the Earth. – De Agostini LLC, 2009.

4. Children's Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius. Multimedia encyclopedia. – Cyril and Methodius LLC, 2007.

5. Internet network.

Report to defend the work

The topic of my research work is “Minerals”. I chose this topic because I have always liked stones. I was very interested in why all the stones are different and not similar to each other? Where do stones even come from? Where can you find a real mineral, and can you find it under your feet? What if there were no minerals on Earth? Are there edible minerals?

I assumed that some kind of volcano was throwing stones out while I was sleeping. Or some force pushes them out of the ground.

Purpose of my research– find out the answers to your questions.

Objectives of my work :

Study literature about minerals;

Find out how minerals were formed on Earth;

How many different minerals are there?

Determine where minerals can be found for the collection.

The following research methods were used: interviewing other people, studying literature, accessing a computer, visiting museums, observation, and examining samples from the collection.

Study plan was like this:

1. Study the origin of minerals and rocks, the properties of minerals, their use in human everyday life.

2. Find out what minerals are found in the Urals. How can you replenish your mineral collection?

Having done my research, I have established that :

The inanimate world around us consists of minerals, like bricks;

About 3,500 types of minerals are known;

The process of mineral formation occurs deep within the Earth;

The only mineral that can be eaten is halite, or table salt;

Minerals are widely used in construction and industry;

Almost all known minerals can be found in the Urals;

You can look for minerals for your collection everywhere!

Based on the data I received, we can conclude that our life without minerals would be much more difficult, the world of minerals has not been fully explored and is fraught with many mysteries, right under our feet you can find both minerals known to science and discover new ones.

I really want to visit Ural mountains, Ilmen Mountains, Kungur Caves. I am very interested in minerals and stones. I will continue to collect minerals.