ACQUAINTING CHILDREN OF SENIOR PRESCHOOL AGE WITH THE ORIGINALITY OF DECORATIVE AND APPLIED ART OF THE PEOPLES OF THE Amur Region BY APPLICATION

... ... ... Folk art occupies a special place in our multinational country. It reflects the originality and artistic genius of the people: their poetry, imagination, imaginative thinking, wise simplicity of views and feelings; glorifies the best features of the people's character - courage, humanity, devotion to civic duty, the Motherland, honesty, heroic strength, optimism; contributes its most significant achievements to the treasury of a single international culture.... ... ...

For centuries, people have sought to express in artistic form their attitude to life, love of nature, and their understanding of beauty. Products of decorative and applied art that children see reveal to them the richness of the culture of the people, help them learn the morals and customs passed on from generation to generation, and teach them to understand and love beauty.

The ornamental basis of folk art is accessible to preschoolers for perception and display in creative activities. The bright and pure colors of the patterns, the symmetry and rhythm of alternating shapes attract children and make them want to reproduce what they see. This necessitates a more in-depth study by the teacher of the creative experience of folk craftsmen, mastering the skills of depicting folk ornaments, appropriate organization of work with children to familiarize themselves with folk art and teach them the ability to create patterns based on the decoration of household items, costumes, etc.

Among the many different types folk ornament that is most accessible for children to perceive and depict preschool age is appliqué - the oldest way of decorating products made of felt, leather, fur, cloth, birch bark, and paper.

Folk ornament in applique from different materials

The main forms of ornamentation of products developed in close interaction with the unique history of the culture of the people, with the peculiarities of their way of life and way of life, labor activity, the environment, climatic conditions and the presence of natural materials. During the long historical process of formation national traditions ornamentation, methods for processing natural materials, pattern motifs, and their compositional and color structure were created.

Folk artists draw the content of their ornaments from the life around them, but they do not simply copy its images, but, abstracting from the individual characteristics of a particular flower, bird, animal or insect, they freely process them into decorative forms. But, despite the fact that in ornaments the images are conveyed flatly, their real forms and proportions change, the natural ratio of sizes is disrupted, the patterns are endowed with rich color, a thrill of life, they are real in their own way.

Folk decorative and applied art has great potential for a variable interpretation of the composition of an ornament, characterized by symmetry and balance of its elements.

Color is essential in the ornament. Folk craftsmen were well aware of the effect of color not only on vision, but also on the psyche of people. They took into account that certain phenomena, specific moods and experiences are often associated with one color or another in the human mind. Craftsmen give preference to red material in the color scheme of the ornament. It is the color red that is associated with the idea of ​​joy, fun, celebration and happiness. It evokes in our minds joyful associations with the sun, with the source of all life on Earth.

In products created by folk craftsmen, in most cases a colored background is used, which enhances the sound of the ornament and softens it, overall creating a rich color palette.

Applications made from soft materials

Peoples of the Amur region(Nanai, Ulchi, Orochi, Udege, etc.) are engaged in fishing and hunting. Nimble female hands learned to make elegant clothes, shoes and other household items from animal skins and fish skins, using colorful appliqués to decorate them.

The main type of clothing of the Amur peoples is robes. They are richly decorated with appliqués along the collar neckline, along the side, sleeves and hem (Fig. 1).

The carpets are made in an original way. Their canvas is divided into squares, circles, triangles. Applications are placed on the plane of each of them. They are sewn together, and their connecting seams are masked with decorative braid or embroidery. The uniqueness of Nanai carpets lies in their color diversity. They are dominated by green, orange, yellow, and blue tones with complex combinations of ocher, green, blue, and white colors.

Fig.1. Nanai robe.

Applications made of soft materials in products of decorative and applied art emphasize the beauty and diversity of national ornaments, the established traditions of using natural materials and images, original composition and color.

Application made from solid materials

Products made from hard materials (metal, bone, wood, birch bark) are often decorated with applied or slotted patterns made by nailing, soldering, silvering, and through carving.

Using the technique of through carving, ornaments are created from iron and tin, as well as from wood, bone and birch bark.

This technique was used to decorate chests and caskets with compositions of stripes and curls, which were attached to a wooden base. The beauty of the combinations and the outlines of the design were emphasized by colored mica linings. Through the openwork of the slot it sparkled with a warm sparkling flicker.

Fig.2. A box made of birch bark with pasted patterns.

The ingenuity of Nanai craftsmen, as well as Ulch and Nivkh craftsmen (Amur region) is manifested in decorating birch bark objects with appliqués made of painted birch bark, fish skin and paper. The pattern is cut out of birch bark, usually painted black. Elements of such a pattern are glued with fish glue, and then sewn along the contour with tendon threads with sparse stitches. When a thin applique is created (in one layer of birch bark or fish skin), the ornament is pasted on like paper.

Thus, the use of various solid materials in the creation of applied patterns or patterns embedded in the surface of decorated objects encouraged craftsmen to search for greater artistic expressiveness of the ornament and to create new ways of fastening appliqués.

ORNAMENTS OF THE PEOPLES OF THE AMURIE (NANITS)

In Nanai appliqués, the main elements of the pattern are formed by combining horn-shaped curls and spiral figures. The curls resemble the shapes of snails, snakes, and worms. Very often their outlines approach those of fish and birds.

Elements of the Nanai ornament are obtained by folding the blank in half to convey the symmetry of the arrangement of opposite parts in the cuttings. (Figure 3 shows 10 elements of the national Nanai ornament.)

Rice. 3. Varieties of Nanai applique patterns.

The simplest element is cut using a symmetrical techniqueImages. Several identical shapes are obtained by folding the strip like an accordion (Fig. 3, 1). The arrangement of patterned motifs emphasizes the gradual complication of the outlines of the patterns: from the image of a single curl with a process, horseshoe-shaped figures to the cutting of complex curls with various branches and combinations. So, in horseshoe shapes (Fig. .3, 2) the simple rounding of paired curls is interpreted either in the form of a wave-like motif, or with processes and spirals bent towards each other. These elements are cut from rectangular sheets after dividing in half along a vertical section. The length of the rectangle is taken depending on the structural features of the element so that the half of the figure fits completely into the folded part. Next are more complex applications, in which the direction of opposing curls with additional branches, processes, and slots are displayed in different ways.in parts. Preschoolers can cut out these elements only along the drawn outline on half of the workpiece. Two other elements (Fig. ) also complex, in which the interlacing of curls is given in mirror correspondence with each other. Their use in children's applications is possible only in partial execution according to the contour pre-planned by the teacher.

Combinations of traditional elements based on folk ornaments are used in decoration national clothes, shoes, carpets, etc.

Rice. 4. Motives for decorating Nanai products.

Let's consider the ornamentation in the decoration of some products - children's dressing gowns, mittens, slippers (Fig. 4). On the hakhaya, the ornament runs along the neckline and on the sleeves. Colored stripes accentuate the main lines of the silhouette, highlighting the edges and the borders of the hem. On mittens The back is decorated with applique, forming a closed patterned solution in combination with fur on the edges. Slippers are decorated with openwork stripes on the vamps and sides with a continuous pattern, the decorative effect of which is achieved by placing colored linings under the slots. This technique is used by Nanai craftswomen to colorfully juxtapose two contrasting background colors and patterns. The Nanais widely use combinations such as blue with white and red, black with white and blue, red with yellow and black. These color combinations, along with the varied curls of the ornament in a clear rhythm and alternation, allow the teacher to organize acquaintance of children of senior preschool age with the originality of decorative and applied art of the peoples of the Amur region.

Sources.

Bogateeva 3. A. Applications based on folk ornaments in kindergarten: A manual for kindergarten teachers. garden - M.: Education, 1982.-175 p. ill.

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MUNICIPAL BUDGETARY INSTITUTION OF ADDITIONAL EDUCATION

PALACE OF CREATIVITY FOR CHILDREN AND YOUTH

“Application as a type of activity for preschool children”

Lavrentieva Lyudmila Konstantinovna - teacher additional education;

Edited by Glushchenko N.N. - Deputy Director for Scientific and Methodological Work.

Introduction……………………………………………………………………………….

Applique as a type of folk decorative and applied art…………………….................................... ...............................

Geometric pattern in children's appliqués……………………………………………………………………

Bibliography…………………………………………………………….

Introduction

Man by nature is an artist. He's everywhere

One way or another, he strives to bring beauty into his life...

Beautiful things educate

people's creative imagination and respect for their work.

M. Gorky

Folk art occupies a special place in the national culture of the country. It reflects the originality and artistic genius of the people: their poetry, imagination, imaginative thinking, wise simplicity of views and feelings; glorifies the best traits of the people's character.

For centuries, people have sought to express in artistic form their attitude to life, love of nature, and their understanding of beauty. Products of decorative and applied art that children see reveal to them the richness of the culture of the people, help them learn customs passed on from generation to generation, and teach them to understand and love beauty.

The ornamental basis of folk art is close and accessible to preschoolers for perception and display in creative activities. The bright and pure colors of the patterns, the symmetry and rhythm of alternating shapes attract children and make them want to reproduce what they see.

These methodological recommendations consider the sequence of complication of patterns during their reproduction by preschool children in the classroom and in independent artistic activities. Addressed to teachers of additional education and will help in teaching preschool children to create more complex options ornament geometric shapes.

Applique as a type of folk arts and crafts

Among the diverse types of folk ornaments, the most accessible for preschool children to perceive and depict is applique - the oldest method of artistic design of products made of felt, leather, fur, cloth, birch bark, and paper. In addition, the sequence of complication of patterns during their reproduction by preschool children in classes and in independent artistic activities is considered.

Folk decorative and applied art has great potential for a variable interpretation of the composition of an ornament, characterized by symmetry and balance of its elements.

Color is essential in the ornament. Folk craftsmen were well aware of the effect of color not only on vision, but also on the psyche of people. They took into account that certain phenomena, specific moods and experiences are often associated with one color or another in the human mind. Craftsmen give preference to red material in the color scheme of the ornament. It is the color red that is associated with the idea of ​​joy, fun, celebration and happiness. It evokes in our minds associations with the sun, the source of all life on Earth.

When selecting motifs of folk ornaments to reproduce them in children's appliqués, one must take into account the availability of image techniques and the degree of expressiveness of the samples in the patterns.

For example, in appliqué, ornaments made up of combinations look expressive geometric shapes: squares, triangles, stripes, rosettes of different colors (Fig. 2);

they decorate towels, belts, fabrics, carpets. By making applications based on folk ornaments, children learn to understand the principles of artistic generalization, learn techniques for creative improvisation of decorative images, learn to see combinations of colors in ornaments, compare shapes, sizes, and the position of elements on the plane of an object.

Disclosure of the specifics of decorative creativity should go in close interaction with the formation of aesthetic perception and feelings of children, the development of their needs for recreating beauty, and instilling in them a caring attitude towards works of folk art. To make appliqués based on samples of folk ornaments, you can use geometric and floral ones (Fig. 3)

and horn-shaped figures, widespread in decorative and applied arts different nations. These figures and their simplest combinations in patterns can be performed by children 5-7 years old. Considering geometric patterns, it is planned to master the ability to cut narrow and wider stripes, squares, triangles, circles and ovals, including them in the content of the patterns. These skills are reinforced in older children by teaching them to create more complex geometric shapes and their pattern combinations. When planning applique classes, the teacher must create visual samples, inscribing patterns of geometric shapes into the silhouettes of traditional national items: scarves, aprons, hats, belts, (Fig. 4), bags, carpets (Fig. 5,6).

When selecting and compiling samples based on folk ornaments, the teacher must take into account the following provisions:

Elements of ornaments should realistically display images of plants, birds and other elements familiar to children, without excluding some features of generality and fabulousness in their interpretation. The fairy-tale interpretation of natural objects in patterns is a unique technique for transforming reality, which forms the basis of the creative activity of folk craftsmen.

Preschoolers are attracted to products whose decoration has brighter colors and is composed of combinations of contrasting tones in various combinations.

3. The compositional structure of the samples must be clear. It should be easy to guess the rhythm, the order of alternation of elements in color, size, shape, the symmetry of the arrangement of parts depending on the configuration of the surface of the object being decorated. (Fig. 7)

Samples of appliqués should not distort the outlines of the original ornamental motifs, features of the arrangement of elements in composition, color and other characteristics, which, however, does not mean accuracy or copying of the ornaments. Adhering to the main features of the folk pattern, the teacher can vary the color characteristics, the ratio of elements in size, and location on the decoration plane.

Geometric patterns in children's applications

Geometric patterns have become widespread in Russian folk arts and crafts. The variety of designs of decorative and applied art products lies mainly in countless combinations of the same figures (circle, rhombus, square, triangle, rosette) (Fig. 8)

Thanks to their use bright colors and various forms create an original decoration. Large squares are rhythmically repeated and filled with a geometric figure from halves of the same squares connected by verticals. Red, blue, black, purple, white, orange tones alternate in them and create the extraordinary beauty of the pattern. These local features of the use of color characterize the features of the decoration of folk costume and everyday and holiday products. Three groups of elements were selected to display elements of Russian folk weaving for preschoolers. The first involves simple combinations of triangles, squares and stripes by matching them together in one or more rows. The second group includes varieties of crenate figures obtained by combining narrow stripes. The third group is made up of combinations of geometric shapes that form stylized rosette flowers. Squares are cut out of strips, the width and length of which should allow you to obtain the required number of elements to construct the pattern. And triangles are obtained by cutting a square piece in half diagonally. (Fig. 9)

The sequence of displaying motifs of folk ornaments in the applique involves mastering the skills, firstly, to depict individual elements according to a model and the teacher showing cutting techniques, and secondly, to create combinations of elements in the applique according to the patterns of composition and color adopted in the art of a given people, based on examination of products and variable samples, thirdly, creatively use the acquired skills and motifs of folk samples when performing applications according to plan. In addition, children should be given the necessary set of colored paper at their disposal, allowing them to choose the right combinations not only to their taste, but also based on the learned traditions of folk art. For a more complete development of creative abilities, children should be given silhouettes of products of different colors and shapes, sheets of multi-colored paper. Each child must independently select both the base and elements of the ornament, try different techniques and methods of ornamentation to create an original version of the appliqué solution.

When making decorations from multi-colored paper based on folk ornaments, you can use the decorative mosaic technique. (Fig. 10).

Paper mosaics can be made from more layers. The ease of processing paper and its flexibility when folding and cutting make it possible to obtain many color variations of the same pattern.

Different forms of using folk ornaments, a combination of different types of children's activities in creating patterns allow children to diversify the beauty and originality of decorative art, help them understand the specific language of folk art and culture.

Folk decorative art is an integral part of Russian folk culture and actively influences the formation of artistic tastes.

Bibliography

Bogateeva Z. A. Motifs of folk ornaments in children's applications. - M.: Education, 1986 - 207 p.

Decorative motifs and ornaments of all times and styles. - Moscow.: Astrel, 2010 - 224 p.

“Man by nature is an artist. Everywhere, one way or another, he strives to bring beauty into his life...

Beautiful things foster creative imagination, respect for the people who create such beauty, pride in their Motherland, which raised such amazing miracle craftsmen.”

Maksim Gorky.

The main directions of educational reform are aimed at developing in preschoolers high ideological and moral-patriotic qualities, hard work, aesthetic culture, to raise children in the spirit of love for their multinational Motherland, in the spirit of internationalism and fraternal friendship between peoples, respect for national dignity and national culture.

The formation of Russia, based on relations of true equality, mutual assistance and cooperation, respect and mutual trust between peoples, has opened up wide opportunities for the manifestation of talents and talents, the flourishing of the culture of all nations and nationalities.

Folk art occupies a special place in the national culture of Russia. It reflects the originality and artistic genius of the people: their poetry, imagination, imaginative thinking, wise simplicity of views and feelings, glorifies the best features of the people’s character - courage, humanity, devotion to the Motherland, honesty, heroic strength, optimism.

For centuries, people have sought to express in artistic form their attitude to life, love of nature, and their understanding of beauty. Products of decorative and applied art that children see reveal to them the richness of the culture of the people, help them learn the customs passed on from generation to generation.

The ornamental basis of folk art is close and accessible to preschoolers for perception and display in creative activities. The bright and pure colors of the patterns, the symmetry and rhythm of alternating shapes attract children and make them want to reproduce what they see.

Among the various types of folk ornaments, the most accessible for children to perceive and depict is appliqué.

Applique is the oldest way of decorating products made from felt, leather, fur, cloth, birch bark, and paper.

The main forms of ornamentation of products developed in close interaction with the uniqueness of the cultural history of the people, with the peculiarities of their way of life and way of life, labor activity, surrounding nature, climatic conditions and the availability of natural materials.

Color is essential in the ornament. Folk craftsmen were well aware of the effect of color not only on vision, but also on the psyche of people. They took into account that a particular color in a person’s mind is often associated with a definition of a phenomenon, specific moods and experiences. Craftsmen give preference to red material in the color scheme of the ornament. It is the color red that is associated with the idea of ​​joy, fun, celebration and happiness. It evokes in our minds associations with the sun, the source of all life on earth.

Let us dwell on the features of folk ornament in the applications of the peoples of Russia, Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, the predominant nationalities in our Republic of Bashkortostan. To make applications based on samples of folk ornaments, you can use geometric, floral, and horn-shaped figures.

Application

based on Russian ornament.

In Russian folk decorative and applied arts (later n.d.i.) - embroidery, carving and wood painting, lace-making, knitting and other types - became widespread geometric ornament. Thanks to the use of bright colors and various shapes in them, an original decoration is created for the wooden frames of windows and gables of houses, furniture, household utensils, and clothing. The image of circles and rosettes is especially common - our distant ancestors depicted the sun this way.

Motifs of woven ornamentswhich are based on simple and colorful combinations of geometric shapes from squares, rhombuses, triangles and stripes. IN different areas Russia created stable features of patterned weaving. In their products, the colors sounded like a single, unified chord. Some motifs of geometrized decorations of such traditional products of Russian folk life as spinning wheels, tueski, and ladles are also suitable for appliqués.

Applications from plant elements of Russian folk embroidery.

Embroidery has become widespread in Russian folk art. It has long been used to decorate tablecloths, napkins, towels, and linen.

Many plant motifs of Russian folk embroidery are excellent visual artistic material for appliqués. The clarity and decorativeness of the constituent elements of embroidery, the diversity and locality of its coloring, and the open rhythmic structure of the embroidery design are available for reproduction by children of senior preschool age.

Bashkir ornaments.

Traditional forms of Bashkir appliqués go back to the ornamentation of nomadic household items, clothing and shoes. Among them, scoops for women's saddles, carpets, curtains, shoes with cloth tops, and homespun cloth stockings decorated with geometric patterns were widespread.

The main elements of Bashkir geometric patterns are quite diverse. Among the heart-shaped, spiral, and wavy shapes, squares, triangles, and needle-shaped lines are often found. Their colorfulness, despite the simplicity of their outlines, is achieved mainly by bright and warm colors. Combinations of red, green, yellow, and black colors are common. Thus, at the ends of towels and tablecloths, the background is usually red, on which green and yellow ornaments look good.

The compositional structure of Bashkir jewelry is characterized by symmetry, determined by the peculiarities of the form, purpose and size of the products. The patterns are arranged either in the form of borders, sometimes in separate rosettes, or even in a continuous grid.

Patterns with simple combinations of stripes, triangles, squares, rhombuses, including figures inscribed within each other, are recommended as examples of patterns in appliqués that can be reproduced by children. It is also possible to use some spiral-shaped elements to decorate traditional household items, towels, aprons, tablecloths, carpets, etc.

When making applications based on Bashkir motifs, much attention should be paid to the color design of the ornaments. First of all, it is necessary to use a traditional set of colors, where the main place should be occupied by combinations of red with green, yellow, and black. The ornament must be enlivened with the background color. So, on red paper, green, yellow, and black elements clearly stand out, and on black, on the contrary, red ones in combination with green, yellow, and white tones.

Folk decorative and applied art introduces the child to the rich world of objects and images, characterized by a riot of colors, a variety of shapes, and bright ornamental structures. This evokes a lively emotional response and activates children’s creativity, the desire to display in their own way what they saw in a drawing or application, which in turn contributes to the formation of personality, nurturing the child’s interest and love for the art of his people, pride and love for the Motherland, both the small one, Bashkortostan, and the Motherland - the mother, great Russia.

Lavreshina Anastasia Vladimirovna, student of grade 2 “a”, KSU “Basic school No. 2 of Serebryansk”, Republic of Kazakhstan, East Kazakhstan region, Serebryansk

Head: Lavreshina Irina Georgievna; teacher primary classes, Deputy Director for Education and Resource Management of KSU “Basic School No. 2 of Serebryansk”; Republic of Kazakhstan, East Kazakhstan region, Zyryanovsky district, Serebryansk

Based on folk ornaments

Work schedule:

During the game, my doll asked me to dress her up very beautifully. I drew a dress, a scarf, a hat, and boots for her, but she didn’t like it because the things weren’t elegant or beautifully decorated. In the book that I came across, there are many interesting pictures with beautifully decorated shirts, belts, scarves, and mittens. They were decorated with ornaments of different nations. I became interested: how do the ornaments of one people differ from the ornaments of another people and how are they similar, and in general, what are they for? I liked the bright colors of the patterns so much that I wanted to make what I saw with my own hands.

Target : development of interest in folk art

Tasks:

1. Get acquainted with ornaments and its characteristic features using the example of the art of some peoples living on the territory of the republic.

2.Develop the need to create beauty and master the skills of depicting folk ornaments.

3. Foster a caring attitude towards works folk art, form aesthetic perception and feelings

Hypothesis: knowledge of the peculiarities of the ornament of a particular people contributes to the development of interest in folk art, the desire to create something with one’s own hands and, of course, friendship between people of different nations.

The following methods were used in the work: analysis of sources on the problem, comparison, practical exercises in mastering the skills of depicting folk ornaments.

Folk ornament in applications

Folk artists draw the content of their ornaments from the life around them, but they do not simply copy its images, but, abstracting from the individual characteristics of a particular flower, bird, animal or insect, they freely transform them into decorative forms. But, despite the fact that in ornaments the images are conveyed flatly, their real shapes and proportions change, and the natural ratio of sizes is disrupted. The patterns are endowed with rich color and a thrill of life. They are real in their own way.

Color is essential in the ornament. Folk craftsmen were well aware of the effect of color not only on vision, but also on the psyche of people. They took into account that certain phenomena, specific moods and experiences are often associated with one color or another in the human mind. Craftsmen give preference to red material in the color scheme of the ornament. It is with red color that ideas about joy, fun, celebration and happiness are associated. It evokes in our minds joyful associations with the sun, with the source of all life on Earth.

In products created by folk craftsmen, in most cases a colored background is used, which enhances the sound of the ornament and softens it, overall creating a rich color palette. Such examples are abundantly presented in the patterns of Russian embroidery, Uzbek suzani, Moldavian carpets, Tatar patterned shoes, headdresses, Ukrainian cuttings from multi-colored paper, Kyrgyz felt products..

Elements of folk ornament

To make appliqués based on images of folk ornaments, geometric, floral and horn-shaped figures are used, which are widespread in the decorative and applied arts of different nations.

Geometric ornament

Geometric shapes - narrow and wider stripes, squares, triangles, circles and ovals. Patterns of geometric shapes were included in the silhouettes of traditional national items. Shawls, aprons, hats, belts, bibs, bags, carpets

Floral patterns in the ornament

Floral ornaments serve as a means of artistic decoration of objects such as trays, vases, hats, aprons, shoes, belts, towels, runners, etc. The features of their decorations can be widely used in the practice of teaching children appliqué to create a variety of ornamental compositions.

In ornamentation using plant forms, the symmetrical image of the pattern, achieved by bending the workpiece into pieces, is of great importance. This helps to convey such qualities in applications. The proportionality of their distribution from the middle axis and the center, the same structure and shape of the repeating elements.

Horn-shaped elements in the ornament.

In the ornamental art of peoples engaged in cattle breeding, horn-shaped figures have become widespread. In the form of a horn-shaped curl, cross-shaped, diamond-shaped or eight-pointed shapes with horn-shaped branches. Such elements find artistic expression in the patterned design of various household items, clothing, and shoes. Most often, these ornaments are made using the technique of appliqué or mosaic from soft materials.

Motifs of Russian geometric ornament

In Russian folk arts and crafts, embroidery, carving and wood painting, weaving. In lace making, knitting and other types, geometric patterns have become widespread. The variety of designs of decorative and applied art products lies mainly in countless combinations of the same figures of a circle, rhombus, square, triangle, and rosette. Thanks to the use of bright colors and various shapes in them, an original decoration is created for the wooden frames of windows and gables of houses, furniture, household utensils, and clothing. Elements of Russian folk ornament can be widely used in the design of applique silhouettes of traditional household products. Distaffs, towels, valances, aprons, tuesks, ladles, salt shakers, pillowcases, etc. They are made from colored paper in characteristic combinations of white with red, blue and green, red with blue and yellow, yellow with red and green.

Kalmyk geometric patterns

The main feature of Kalmyk ornaments is the reticulation of the pattern. This is achieved by a combination of light and dark squares. Diamonds and triangles. They are arranged in a ribbon order when decorating belts and caps in the form of caps. Borders of beshmets or sleeveless jackets and other items of Kalmyk costume. The decorative effect of simple compositions is achieved by a contrasting combination of yellow elements with white, red with green and white.

Kalmyk ornaments are built mainly on the principle of interaction of individual parts with the color of the background on which they are located. The background plays an active role in the overall color scheme. When decorating a thing, the color of the background and the ornament interacted with each other.

Bashkir ornaments

The main elements of Bashkir geometric patterns are quite diverse. Among heart-shaped, spiral-shaped, wavy shapes, squares, serrated lines and complex combinations of these elements are often found. Their colorfulness, despite the simplicity of their outlines, is achieved mainly by bright and warm colors. The compositional structure of Bashkir jewelry is characterized by symmetry, determined by the features of the form, purpose and size of the product. The patterns are arranged either in the form of borders, sometimes in separate rosettes, or even in a continuous grid. Such ornaments are used to decorate towels. Aprons, scarves, tablecloths, kumysniki, boots.

Applications based on the ornaments of the peoples of the North

The appliques of the peoples of the North, made from fur, leather, and suede, are distinguished by their restrained beauty and severity. Natural combinations of brown with white, dark gray with light gray, red-red with white warmly and tenderly display the meager charm of northern nature. Elements of the ornament are sewn on in the form of separately created closed figures included in a square, rhombus, or rectangle.

Ukrainian folk ornament

This ornament uses figures that most clearly display signs of similarity to the natural forms of plants. Tulip, mallow, carnation. Watershed. They are made using traditional Ukrainian craftsman techniques. Modifications in the structure of the petals. Their numbers and colors, by gluing several figures on top of each other. The combination of red and blue, crimson, yellow, violet, green tones on a light background of the product emphasizes the festiveness and elegance of the pattern.

Kazakh folk ornament

The artistic traditions of Kazakh appliqués are determined by the decoration of felt carpets (syrmaks, tuskiizs, tekemets), bags for storing dishes (ayak kapov), leather belts, vessels for kumys (torsyk), cases for bowls. Various variations of the “ram's horn” motif are skillfully woven by craftswomen into the unique contours of these products. Elements of Kazakh ornament are widely used in the patterned decoration of many objects. Thus, border decorations are used for belts, carpet borders, and braids for tightening the frame of a yurt (bau). Figures with curls most often fit into the central field of carpets, chest covers, and bags.

Tatar folk ornament

Tulip motifs various shapes, coloring. Primary colors: Green, blue, yellow, red, white.

Kyrgyz folk ornament

Kyrgyz patterns are characterized by elements with horn-shaped curls. What is important is the correct organization of the combination of the pattern and the background, their clear consistency.

Estonian folk ornaments

Geometric patterns are widely used in Estonian embroidery, leather embossing, woven products and wooden inlays. Geometric patterns consist of combinations of triangles, squares, circles, and stripes. They are used to decorate carpets, fabric bedspreads, towels, belts, hats, ribbons, etc. Intense shades of bright red, blue, green, yellow, and crimson tones predominate.

Conclusion

In the course of carrying out the work, we came to the conclusion: Familiarity with folk art, in particular knowledge of the features of folk ornaments, helps to better understand the culture and traditions of different peoples, creates a sense of friendship and mutual assistance.

References

1. Bogateeva Z.A. Motifs of folk ornaments in children's applications. Enlightenment 1986

2. Sakulina N.P., Komarova T.S. Teaching Methodology visual arts and design Enlightenment 1979