Having a baby is a great joy for the whole family. A long nine-month expectation is left behind, ahead of hope for a happy future for the baby and anxiety about his health.

Each parent wants the child to develop normally, be healthy and active. But it is difficult for newly-minted parents to take such a task correctly.

The proposed article will tell you about the established standards in the development of the child: what is worth paying attention to and at what stages of development what should be expected from him.

Many parents have heard the definition of “development corridor”; for the majority, this concept has caused bewilderment and confusion.

But there is nothing wrong with it - it is a generally accepted concept of the stages of a child’s physical development.

A little about whether there is a difference in physical development in the first year of life between boys and girls.

According to anthropometric expertise, the development of children of both sexes is not much different.

It all depends on:

• Individual features.
• Genetic heredity.
• Congenital diseases.
• Living conditions and nutrition.

WHO researchers have developed an average table of the norms of the child’s physical development for months to a year, his height and weight.

The table also shows the rate of increase in indicators by month:

Age of the child up to a year (months)	Height, cm	Increase in height, cm	Weight, kg	Weight gain, gr
Newborn	50-52	Not	3,100 – 3,500	Not
One	53-56	4	3,700 – 4,150	650
Two	57-60	4	4,500 – 4,850	700
Three	61-63	4	5,250 – 5,650	800
Four	63-65,5	2,5	6,000 – 6,300	650
Five	65-68	2,5	6,450 – 6,900	600
Six	67-70	2	7,000 – 7,500	600
Seven	69-72	2	7,550 – 8,100	600
Eight	71-74	2	8,150 – 8,650	550
Nine	72,5-75,5	1,5	8,650 – 9,100	450
Ten	74-77	1,5	9,100 – 9,550	450
Eleven	75,5-78,5	1,5	9,500 – 9,950	400
Twelve	76-80	1,5	10,000 – 10,350	350

As can be seen from the table:

1. The most active growth of a child occurs in the first trimester of the life cycle.  During this period, the body is rebuilt on an independent functioning.

   The kid is passive and spends in a state of sleep up to twenty hours a day.

2. In the second trimester, height and weight increase more slowly,  the baby is awake for more time, reacts to external stimuli, gradually adapts to the outside world.
3. Third trimester  - the child leads an active lifestyle, the duration of sleep gradually decreases, the time intervals between feedings increase.

   The stage of cognition of the world begins. The increase in physical indicators is falling.

4. Fourth trimester - independent person. The child tries to imitate adults, behaves consciously, actively.

   Mixed food, solid food is added to the diet. The smallest increase in indicators is characteristic.

Note! The table shows the averaged values, the parameters may differ from individual indicators depending on the characteristics of the organism.

What a child should be able to do: monthly development calendar

Many new parents are interested in the question of what a child should be able to do at each stage of the first year of life.

The following is a calendar of the development of the child from birth to 12 months:

• The first days and weeks of life, the baby is mostly sleeping,  and in moments of wakefulness he cries, declaring hunger, wet diapers, poor health.

  A natural pose for a baby is to lie on its back, legs pressed on the sides and arms raised.

  Parents need to independently turn it on their tummy, gently massaging the back. In this position, the baby will exhaust gas and strengthen the muscles of the back, abdomen and neck.

  By the end of the first month, the baby, lying on his tummy, will begin to slightly raise its head, trying to hold it.

  Normal psychological and physiological development will help: communication with family - he needs to sing songs and include classical music.

  Walking in the fresh air - the body, enriched with oxygen, functions normally.

  After each awakening, it is necessary to massage the baby and perform hygienic procedures, bathe the newborn daily, adding to the water a decoction of the string and chamomile.

  Toward the end of the first month, the baby begins to focus his eyes, finding moving objects. He clearly recognizes his mother by smell and is upset when she has not been around for a long time.

• By the 2nd month, the child already recognizes loved ones and smiles meaningfully,  makes lingering sounds, trying to express his feelings, looking through his eyes and finding familiar objects.

  During this period, it is important to pay attention to the development of the baby, doing simple gymnastics and massage.

• At 3 months, the baby begins to live an active life.  He firmly holds his head, independently turns over from his back to his stomach and vice versa.

  He learns to control the limbs, trying to hold the object he likes in his hands, expresses joy by uttering syllable syllables.

  The duration of the waking phase and the intervals between feedings are significantly increased.

• By 4 months, the baby clearly knows his name,  well distinguishes between friends and strangers.

  Understands and distinguishes human speech, enters into communication, loves to play with moving objects, highlighting loved ones.

• At 5 months - completely owns his body,  moving on a horizontal surface. Able to easily take your favorite thing by pulling it into your mouth.

  The baby tries to crawl, having found support for an emphasis of legs, makes efforts by a press, trying to accept vertical position. Reacts to communication, takes a lively part in it.

• A 6-month-old baby is interested in everything colored and bright,  actively plays with toys and rattles, throwing them out of the crib.

  He independently gets on four limbs and tries to crawl. If he finds firm support, he tries to rise to his full height, dropping to the fifth point.

  He loves when he read books, showing color pictures. The sounds he makes are meaningful and resemble monosyllabic words or songs.

• By the age of 7 months the first teeth appear,  and the baby pulls all kinds of objects into its mouth. Games become meaningful.

  The kid enjoys playing magpies, frogs, hide and seek, etc., actively crawls, sits confidently, moves in walkers or on the playpen.

  During this period, the child begins to consciously absorb new information, processing it.

• Eight-month-old baby is actively exploring the world,  he is absolutely fearless and full of various ideas.

  Parents need to be constantly alert. Sleep is reduced to two times a day, he plays a lot and shows interest in everything new.

  The kid is perfectly oriented in space, makes contact, expressing his thoughts with polysyllabic babbling, identifies his own from strangers, understands and fulfills assigned tasks.

• At 9 months old, the baby stands firmly on its legs,  takes the first steps, holding on to a support.

  Begins to copy the actions of adults. Confidently holds objects in his hands, performing specified actions.

• A ten-month-old baby completely copies facial expressions and gestures of elders,  pronounces the first simple words, actively participates in family life, is interested in peers.
• At 11 months old, the child is actively talking,  calling objects and actions in their own words and angry if they do not understand him.

  Cunning and expresses unwillingness to do what he does not want. He tries to win the favor of the person he likes, begins to smile and build faces.

  Expresses a good mood with dancing and clapping. He tries to start to eat, drink, take off shoes on his own, pronounces the names of those close to him in syllables.

• At 12 months, the baby is completely independent. He confidently climbs onto the sofa, bed, chairs and gets off them, walks, holding the hand of an adult, eats independently, sits down on the pot, opens and closes the cabinet doors.

  The kid plays complex games, folds cubes, carries a typewriter, cradles a doll or a soft toy. Each stage of a child’s life is interesting and unforgettable in its own way.

Development of premature babies

Premature babies - babies born from the twenty-first to thirty-seventh week of pregnancy.

They are significantly behind in development from peers, need additional care and affection.

• In the first month  the child is gaining weight poorly due to an undeveloped sucking reflex, it is difficult for him to suck mother's milk. The way out is expressing and feeding through a special probe.

  Since the baby has not yet developed thermoregulation, it is extremely dangerous for him to supercool or overheat. During this period, it is important for the baby to be constantly with mom, smell her, warmth and love.

• In the second month  life, the sucking reflex remains weak, but the child needs to develop it, so it is recommended to feed the baby from the bottle.
• In the third month  In life, there is an interest in food, sleep, the baby begins to follow her eyes with moving objects, tries to raise her head, grab toys.
• In the fourth month  the baby independently holds his head, makes sounds, is interested in toys.

  It is important to regularly conduct massage procedures twice a day that improve muscle tone, it is allowed to take out to fresh air.

• In the fifth month  the baby already holds the toy in her hands, distinguishes sounds well, turning her head in their direction, recognizes the mother's voice.

  The beginning of neuropsychic development is determined, the first conscious smile appears.

• In the sixth and seventh month  the child independently turns on his tummy. It is already difficult to distinguish it from peers, it is active. Lure recommended.
• In the eighth month  the kid tries to sit down on his own, is interested in the world around him, understands speech, begins to communicate with adults, loves fairy tales, poems, songs, vivid pictures, tries to crawl.
• Ninth month  - a breakthrough in development. The baby needs communication. You should talk with him, explain all the actions, lay the basics of behavior, play with toys. The kid is trying to pronounce the first words.

  Further development of a premature baby differs little from the development of full-term peers. By the end of the first year, the child is in no way behind the others.

As can be seen from the material presented, parents need to devote more time to the development of the child, controlling his indicators, communicating with the baby.

It must be borne in mind that the health of the crumbs largely depends on the mother’s lifestyle during pregnancy and the attention of parents to their child.

Useful video

The appearance in the family of the baby is an important and extremely crucial moment. And it does not matter if this is the firstborn or the second, third child. Each trained parent knows how busy the first year of the baby’s life is, and how important it is to monitor the development of the child by months so as not to miss important points or deviations. To help newly-minted parents, we offer a capacious but easy-to-read article to always stay up to date with the events and effectively help the baby grow and develop.

In centimeters and kilograms: table of norms of physical growth of a child of the first year of life

Measuring, listening, watching a baby after birth are ordinary actions that quickly become a habit of young parents.

How many grams have gained, how many centimeters have grown, how do the head and chest circumferences compare - all this is carefully checked against the indicators of the child’s development table for months to a year (the so-called “table of physical development norms”).

But these data can be used only for approximate orientation in the "normality" of the physical growth of the baby, taking into account:

• indicators of growth and weight at birth;
• features of individual development and heredity of the baby;
• gender of the child;
• the condition and well-being of the baby;
• the tables show the averaged or extreme indicators of the norms;
• wHO and pediatric follow-up statistics may differ.

Nevertheless, the baby should grow up to a year, approximately, like this:

Height, cm	Weight, kg	AGE (month)	Head circumference, cm	Chest circumference, cm
47-52	2,5-4	birth	32-36	31-38
49-53	3-4,5	1	33-37	32-39
51-57	3-5	2	35-38	33-40
55-60	4,5-6,5	3	37-40	34-42
57-63	5-7	4	38-41	36-44
59-66	6-8	5	39-42	38-46
61-68	6-8	6	40-43	39-47
63-69	6,5-9	7	41-44	40-49
65-71	7-9,5	8	42-45	41-50
66-72	7-10	9	42-46	42-51
67-74	7-10	10	43-47	43-52
69-75	7,5-10,5	11	43-47	43-53
70-76	8-11	12	44-50	44-54

The table shows the extreme averaged, low and high indicators for the growth and development of boys and girls, so do not worry if, somewhere around 1-2 centimeters or a half kilogram, the baby’s indicators “drop out”.

The body will find its pace and speed of development, comfortable for the child.

Obvious problems and possible deviations in development and nutrition (if any) will be reported and advised by a qualified pediatrician at a scheduled appointment

I can, I can and I study: comprehensive development by months to a year

When a child eats and grows well, centimeters and scales are put aside, and parents begin to be interested in the baby's capabilities, skills and new skills. What he already knows and what he should be able to do; how the world around perceives and how should react to it; what he does well, and where help and support from parents or specialists is required.

Development calendar for months to a year

Newborn:

• the baby breathes, sees, hears, makes sounds;
• arm and leg movements are chaotic;
• fingers are clenched into fists;
• arms and legs are not fully extended;
• congenital reflexes are present: flashing, search, sucking, swallowing, proboscis, palmar-oral, plantar, protective, grasping, grasping, stepping, crawling, diving;
• most of the time the baby sleeps.

In 1 month:

• the child in a supine position begins to raise his head and neck;
• reacts to sounds and light;
• eyeing the outlines of objects and faces;
• can follow the movement of a bright subject;
• starts to smile;
• reacts to different intonations in the voice of the parents.

In 2 months:

• the child tries to keep his head upright for about a minute;
• lifts the head and chest, lying on the tummy;
• actively reacts to sounds, light, attracting attention;
• arm and leg movements become less chaotic;
• the "revitalization complex" is clearly manifested;
• the baby can hold and examine the toy in his hand;
• develops a three-dimensional perception of objects;
• the child tries to turn on its own side.

In 3 months:

• holds his head well for up to 2 minutes;
• lying on his stomach, trying to lift on his elbows;
• becomes more mobile and swivel, tries to roll over;
• takes an active interest in toys, tries to grab them;
• pulls pens and a blanket in his mouth;
• grasping reflex goes into conscious grasping;
• the baby begins to walk and laugh;
• attracts attention in accessible ways (screaming, crying, laughing, fingering).

At 4 months:

• the baby is trying to raise his head while lying on his back;
• makes attempts to pull himself up and sit down;
• rests with legs when it is held vertically under the armpits;
• flips on its side;
• makes attempts to turn from the back to the stomach;
• rises and rests on the palms, lying on the stomach;
• keeps attention on the subject of interest for several minutes;
• playing rattles, striking them, trying to catch;
• recognizes the faces of loved ones;
• distinguishes and recognizes voices;
• reacts to his name;
• can often walk for a long time.

At 5 months:

• trying to roll over from the stomach to the back;
• begins to sit with support, reclining;
• makes attempts to crawl in a plastusky way;
• enthusiastically examines and feels various objects;
• it is played with its fingers and legs;
• there is a “food interest” in adult food;
• can drink from a spoon;
• recognizes his loved ones and beware of strangers;
• can begin to climb teeth;
• “color” vision appears;
• the baby may be able to pronounce the first simple syllables.

At 6 months:

• the child reaches with his arms to his mother, asks for his arms;
• spins, flips;
• lying on his stomach tries to crawl / pull forward or push back;
• sits and stands firmly enough with support;
• makes attempts to get on all fours;
• “Plays” with his voice, babbles now softly, now loudly;
• shifts toys from hand to hand;
• knows and uses the main features of toys (knocks, beeps, etc.);
• you can begin to introduce the first lure, give a try new food.

At 7 months:

• the child sits confidently;
• bends and reaches for toys in a sitting position;
• creeps;
• makes attempts to stand at the support;
• recognizes familiar things by name (looks at them when asked to find him);
• interested in his image and body;
• throws and picks up toys;
• “Gets acquainted” with causal relationships (quit-dropped);
• he himself can hold a drinker when drinking from it;
• eats well from a spoon.

At 8 months:

• the baby himself can sit down and rise to his feet at the support;
• trying to take the first steps with support;
• claps his hands;
• waving "bye";
• the mimic repertoire of reactions expands;
• can play with your favorite toy for a long time;
• knows how to get or ask for the desired thing;
• can hold and eat a cracker / bagel, etc .;
• stable connections are formed (eat - go to the kitchen, etc.);
• babbling in his own language.

At 9 months:

• the child is already walking at the support or hands;
• makes attempts to walk independently;
• interested in small objects, develops fine motor skills;
• plays mainly sitting;
• can fulfill simple requests (bring, give);
• stable combinations of syllables appear, the first words with meaning;
• understands prohibitions;
• uses knowledge from long-term memory;
• strives for active communication;
• mimics the actions of adults (for example, brings the phone to his ear).

At 10 months:

• squats, rises to his feet, bends down;
• trying to walk by one hand;
• learns to cross the barriers;
• likes to open / close lockers, fold / scatter toys;
• pronounces simple monosyllables;
• parses toys, folds a pyramid;
• attachment to common people is formed;
• to strive for other children;
• wants to try eating himself, plays with food;
• indicates an item that is called.

At 11 months:

• motor skills are improved;
• the child fulfills two-fold requests (go, bring);
• emotionally expresses his attitude, acceptance / rejection;
• can find or show a named item;
• like to tear, stretch, get something;
• it is well oriented and moves in space;
• strives for a joint game;
• learns to share, ask;
• can lead the feeding process himself (takes the cup itself, points to a spoon);
• trying to pull things off;
• dancing.

In year:

• the child walks by himself;
• comes when his name is by name;
• there are about a dozen simple words in the vocabulary;
• skillfully overcomes obstacles on the way;
• performs complex assignments;
• the moment of "separation" from the adult begins;
• observes with interest and "comments" what is happening around;
• elements of plot games appear (carries a typewriter, lays a doll);
• actively imitates the actions of adults and peers.

How do boys and girls develop?

The development by months to a year of a boy and a girl may vary slightly, both due to individual and physiological characteristics. For example, girls are not advised to rush to plant on their own before six months, so that there are no problems with internal female organs in the future. And boys are often silent, do not want to say the first words for a long time. Here, each parent should clearly understand and correctly understand the essence and significance of all kinds of normative tables and development schedules for children up to a year, so as not to rush, but not to delay natural events.

Our already knows how, and yours?

In addition to the quite natural feelings of the parents regarding the conformity of their baby’s development to “generally accepted” norms, the experience and results of the babies of other parents are quite worrying. Moms are especially impressionable. Monthly development of a year of a girl or a boy becomes for them a mandatory implementation plan. After all, the results can be boasted to mothers on the site: the baby began to sit ahead of schedule, or already eats new foods from 4 months.

But there are no absolutely equally developing babies, even with the same parents, even if they are twins.

Each child is unique, each has its own characteristics of the body, the pace and speed of development and acquisition of skills. Child development is not animal training. Here you can’t just take and teach. The child's body must be prepared for each new achievement.

Conclusion

Parents can only help the baby a little:

• love him;
• provide him with the necessary conditions for nutrition and care;
• communicate, play and exercise with the baby;
• visit a pediatric doctor and listen to his recommendations;
• to walk and do;
• be calm and happy parents of a healthy baby.

Do not chase the successes of other children. Everything has its time.

The appearance in the family of a child is always a joyful and exciting event. All parents worry about the health of their crumbs. The question of the physical and psychological development of the baby is especially relevant in the first year of life. To better understand what should be the development of the child months to a year, we suggest you familiarize yourself with the information in this article. It will help to understand what skills and abilities a newborn should have from the first days of life to 12 months.

First month

After the birth of the baby does not have any skills. Most of the time the newborn spends in a dream. In the first 30 days of life, a child gains an average of about 600 g of weight. After a month, the increase usually increases. A small increase in the first days of life is explained by the fact that the baby is losing fluid, the mother has not as much milk as in the following months of lactation and the baby's feces has a rather watery basis. Parents should not worry about a small weight gain, as this is considered normal.

Physical and neuropsychic development (CPD)

The first 4 weeks after birth, the infant spends mainly in a dream. The baby can doze off even during feeding. In general, a child can sleep up to 20 hours a day. At the same time, deep and shallow phases of sleep are noted. During deep sleep, the baby is completely relaxed, breathing is even. Shallow sleep is often accompanied by trembling, moving, uneven breathing. This is a completely normal physiological process.

In addition, the baby has such reflexes:

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• reaction to cold, heat, hunger, thirst, pain, loud noises or other irritants in the form of crying;
• among the reflexes there should be such as sucking (takes the chest), grabbing (if you put your hand in the palm of your hand, the baby squeezes the fingers), repulsion by the legs (if you press the legs, the baby pushes them), the search reflex (if you touch the cheek, the child turns the head, looking for breasts). These skills must be checked by a doctor;
• if the child is placed on the tummy, he will try to raise his head, but due to muscle weakness he will not be able to do this;
• with a loud sound, the monthly baby shudders. The baby may hold his gaze for a while on stationary bright objects;
• urination and bowel movements are quite common. In some children, it is observed after each feeding.

The best nutritional option during this period is considered to be breastfeeding. If for some reason there is no milk, you should choose a mixture. Better if the pediatrician does it. The weight of children in their first month of life usually ranges from three to 4 kilograms. This applies to children who were born on time. Sometimes the body weight of a newborn and its height can go beyond. There are cases of birth of children above 5 kilograms and growth of more than 60 cm. This occurs for various reasons that influenced the development of the baby before birth.

Second month

What should a child be able to do in the second month of life? In the second month of life, boys and girls are already more active. Some doctors call this period a period of recovery. The baby is already sleeping less, walking more. At the same time, the wakeful period in some children can be about an hour. Krohu begins to be interested in the world around him. Lying in a crib, he can consider the next toys, concentrate on parents.

Physical development

At the age of two months, children should be able to:

• raise your head and try to hold it for several seconds;
• focus on toys or parents;
• listen to the sounds;
• some newborns are already trying to roll over;
• the baby pulls the handles in his mouth, examines them.

Sometimes babies are smiling, they are worried at the sight of their mother, looking for her with their eyes.

Mental development

Reflexes in the second month still persist, but are already beginning to fade away. The normal mental development is evidenced by the presence of a complex of revitalization, which was previously discussed in the article.

The following skills of crumbs testify to normal development:

• recognition of their parents;
• the baby smiles at the sight of loved ones;
• at the sight of mom of dad, the child begins to fuss, quickly move his arms and legs;
• during this period, the newborn begins to "walk". He makes such sounds as “aha”, “abu”, “aha”;
• children with pleasure listen to the speech of adults, love their mother’s songs, often fall asleep under them.

If the baby is not smiling at two months, do not worry. It is impossible to define a clear framework for some stages of development. So this joyful event will happen a little later.

Third month

The third month is characterized by a leap in physical and neuropsychological development.

Physical development

This stage is characterized by the following skills:

• the ability to lie on the tummy and hold the head for a short time;
• if you hold the baby by the armpits, he leans with his legs and tries to stand. At the same time, parents should remember that prolonged exposure to such a position can cause harm to an unformed motor-supporting apparatus;
• the baby begins to play with toys. His movements are chaotic, he can throw objects, knock them, pull them into his mouth;
• the child likes bright things, ringing or rustling, spinning and musical objects. This period is very important in development, since the crumb is the formation of the relationship between vision and hearing;
• most children turn over in the third month of development, try to hold their heads.

Pediatricians do not recommend planting a newborn during this period. This can lead to spinal deformity. By the end of the third month in children, muscle tone usually decreases. The baby begins to better control its movements, picks up items in its handles, more easily squeezes and unclenches fingers on hands. When the child is held in his arms, he twists his head, examines the world around him.

Neuropsychic development

At this age, the child all the time, free from sleep, studies the world around him. He examines new toys, objects around him, reacts to the appearance of new interior items and people. Strange people can cause a reaction in the form of anxiety and crying. The waking period becomes longer, some children walk for 2-3 hours.

At this stage, the baby actively develops communication skills with mom, dad, brothers, sisters and other family members. If before that the newborn revealed any of his desires in the form of crying, now the baby is using facial expressions and some sounds. If the mother entered the room, the baby is worried, watches her off, smiles, makes various sounds.

At three months, it is very important to try to establish verbal contact with the baby. Parents should talk as much as possible with their child, name objects that are in the field of vision of the child. This will help accelerate the development of the baby.

Fourth month

In the fourth month of life, the child becomes more proportional. The head no longer exceeds the volume of the chest. The legs become more even, the movements acquire a clear character.

Physical development

At four months, the child must have the following physical skills:

• the child holds the head well, turns it, hearing sounds or seeing bright objects;
• lying on his stomach, the baby holds the head for a rather long time, turns it confidently;
• some babies turn from tummy to back;
• the newborn continues to explore the world and his body. He can pull the handles and even the fingers of the legs in his mouth, carefully examines them, plays with toys.

At this age, the crumbs may have a favorite toy, to which he pays maximum attention. If the interior changes, new furniture or objects appear, the newborn pays enough attention to this event.

Rapid development is observed from the psychological side. The child reacts positively to mom and dad, can cry when strangers are seen, or, conversely, smile with interest, walk around. In the fourth month of life, the baby begins to make new sounds, trains nasolabial muscles. When the baby hears his name, he begins to listen, smile. At this age, a little man can already distinguish the voices of loved ones from strangers. As a rule, the child reacts very actively to all events in the fourth month. If something hurts him or he is hungry, parents are faced with crying, bad sleep. When the baby is full and feels good, he smiles, enjoys playing with toys, communicates with adults.

It is worth noting that the 4th month is characterized by the expansion of the emotional sphere. If earlier fear or hunger prevailed, now the newborn is experiencing interest, surprise, disappointment and other feelings.

Fifth month

The fifth month is characterized by the emergence of new skills. If until recently the baby knew only how to lie, eat and sleep, then at this stage the baby is confidently in contact with adults, more and more learns the world around it.

Physical development

From the side of physical development at five months the child has the following skills:

• attempts to stand if held by armpits. With the help of parents, the baby can stand for several minutes;
• lying on his stomach, the baby plays, twists his head, confidently holds his head and shoulders;
• children at 5 months of age independently roll over from the back to the tummy and vice versa. Some babies try to crawl if they put a hand under their legs;
• the infant can perform several crawling movements if colorful objects are placed in front of him. Trying to get them, the baby will try to crawl to them;
• the child speaks with parents using monosyllables;
• the little man continues to actively examine his body, touch his face, pull his fingers into his mouth, feel his stomach, chest and other parts of the body.

The baby is still sleeping a lot. Daytime sleep should be about two hours 2 times. Night - at least 10 hours. The kid spends all his free time playing, talking with mom and dad, and eating.

Neuropsychological development

From the psychological development of the baby shows more and more emotions. If he is hungry or wants to sleep, the baby can cry, is worried. If you take the toy away, this is most likely followed by a squeal or cry. In addition, he clearly divides the people around him into friends and foes. If a stranger picks him up, the reaction can be different. Some children cry, while others, on the contrary, are interestedly considering a new face. The kid distinguishes the tone of others. If you treat him kindly, smile, he will easily fall into your arms. If the baby hears a rude conversation or scream, most likely he will cry.

During this period, as in subsequent ones, it is very important to provide adequate protection for a new family member. The crib should have soft sides, you can not throw a newborn on the edge of the sofa, as it may well fall.

Sixth month

At six months, the child continues to develop actively. The newborn already clearly knows his parents and other family members, enjoys him, communicates with the help of facial expressions and sounds. Moreover, he already has many physical skills.

Physical development

Speaking about the baby’s physical skills in six months, the following should be noted:

• the ability to sit for long. Even if the child is sitting well, do not leave him in this position for a long time. The spine during this period should not succumb to heavy loads;
• the peanut confidently holds toys and various objects in his hands, throws them, knocks;
• most children at this age have their first teeth. If this does not happen, there is no reason to sound the alarm. Most likely, the teeth will appear a little later;
• if he reaches for an object, but cannot reach it, the baby will perform compressive and expanding movements with his fingers;
• at this age, the child realizes that he has two pens, he transfers objects from one pen to another, often takes one item in both pens.

At six months old, many children begin to move around the crib. Some back off, pushing off with their handles, others crawl forward. Some are trying to pull up on the crib rods up and stand up.

Neuropsychological development

At six months, the baby actively interacts with adults, walks, smiles. Sitting on Mom’s hands, he touches her face, hair, buttons and fasteners on clothes. The lexicon of the peanut is replenished with new sounds (“de”, “gu”, “ba”, “on”, “ma”). Kroha plays with pleasure, smiles when he is joyful and shows disgruntled grimaces, if something does not suit him. The baby learns to recognize various sounds, responds to knocking, rustling, rustling, freezes, turns its head.

During this period, there is a sharp jump in development. The little pean begins to feel the relationship between actions and events. For example, if you cry, you can attract the attention of adults, if you click on the button on the toy, music will play, and so on.

It is necessary to pay as much attention as possible to a six-month-old child. You need to talk with him, read fairy tales, even if it seems that he does not understand them, sing songs, nursery rhymes.

Seventh month

A seven-month-old baby is a fully-formed personality with its own character. Moms and dads do not cease to rejoice at the greater skills of their child in seven months.

Physical development

At 7 months, the baby should have such abilities:

• crawling forward and to the side;
• try to crawl on all fours. If the little one does not crawl, but tries to walk right away, this is not considered a pathology. Many children miss such a stage of development as crawling, and this feature is considered quite normal;
• sit leaning on a pillow. Often, without support, children fall, which parents must necessarily remember.

At this stage of development, it is very important to pay enough attention to massage and games with the baby. You can give him your hands so that he pulls up for them and tries to stand up. Many children like to stand with support, jump. Some toddlers try to get up and move on their own along the sides of the crib. At the same time, the sides should be quite high so that the crumb does not fall out.

Neuropsychological development

The psychophysical abilities of a seven-month-old child must meet the following criteria:

• the ability to shift an object from one handle to another;
• hold the toy with two handles, give it to an adult upon request;
• find a thing under a hidden pillow or blanket;
• knock rattles, throw them;
• clap your hands, press the buttons of musical toys;
• show with pens on objects that he wants to touch.

At this age, fine motor skills continues to develop. The baby learns to take small items, examines them, puts small toys in a bucket.

At this age, the child has an interest in dishes, he can try to eat with his own spoon. Even if your child does not succeed, do not take away the cutlery from him.

Eighth month

At 8 months of development, the growth rate of the little one slows down a bit. This is due to an increase in its motor activity. During this period, teeth continue to erupt actively. Many parents can already boast four incisors in their children.

Physical development

At this stage of life, the baby adds about 500 grams in weight and becomes 1-1.5 centimeters higher. An eight-month-old baby can do the following:

• sit, quickly turn over from the tummy to the back and back, crawl, get up and move around, leaning on a support;
• at this age, the baby devotes a lot of time to toys and other objects. He loves musical toys, magazines, balls. The pean shifts them from place to place, throws, knocks. If the toy falls out of his hands, he tries to find it;
• the child plays with interest with other children, babbles with them, smiles. The baby is very upset if mom leaves somewhere;
• many children can already point to the subject they are asking about. For example, where is the machine? The kid will point to this particular toy;
• the child already uses a spoon, learns to drink from a cup. Many crumbs already eat cookies or other solid foods.

Despite the fact that the children's body is individual, parents should be alert if they don’t sit down, can’t stand for several seconds, holding on to a support, not picking up toys with their hands, not listening to various sounds. In this situation, parents are required to show their child to the pediatrician.

Neuropsychological development

At this age, the child often considers his reflection in the mirror, touches it with pens, walks, smiles. Facial expression acquires new features, becomes more diverse. From it, parents can easily find out what mood their child is in. The first words appear in the lexicon, reminiscent of “mother”, “woman”, “give”, “on” and so on.

During this period, visual memory develops. The baby can recognize loved ones from photographs, smiles at their sight. If music plays or rhythmic verses are read to him, the peanut can bounce, clap its hands. In connection with the development of concentration and psychomotor, the baby can play with toys for a long time on their own.

At eight months, the baby should already clearly know the daily routine. Feeding and sleeping should be on schedule. If the baby is not put to bed on time, the nervous system gives in to a tremendous load. Often the children are capricious, become tearful, can not sleep.

With eight-month-old children, you should engage in various developmental exercises. It can be such games as “find an object”, “show the color”, “build a pyramid” and so on.

Ninth month

At 9 months, the baby is hard to call helpless. He crawls well, sits down, tries to walk. Many toddlers master the skills to eat with a spoon, drink from a cup. The child is in contact with parents and other family members, communicates using monosyllabic or two-syllable words.

Physical development

At 9 months, a small family member should have the following physical skills:

• the baby often walks in walkers or, leaning on a support. The muscles are strengthened, muscular-neural coordination is developing more and more;
• at this age, hearing and vision improves. At the same time, the baby not only sees objects and hears sounds in the room in which he is located. If a child hears plates or pans ringing in the kitchen, he already clearly understands that dinner or lunch is coming;
• in most nine-month-old children, a second pair of incisors erupts. During this period, the jaw apparatus develops. It is useful to offer the baby a lot to chew, for example, carrots, apples, crackers. It is important to ensure that he does not choke;
• at 9 months, the baby skillfully plays with toys, can put various objects into boxes, fold the pyramid;
• the baby distinguishes between animals and some colors;
• the child responds to his name;
• a new family member listens to the parents' speech, tries to repeat the words for mom and dad, babbles emotionally, laughs out loud.

Some children do not succeed, but parents should not worry about this, because each baby is individual. It is recommended to consult a specialist if the child does not perform basic actions. For example, the baby does not sit, does not walk, does not respond to its name, does not get angry if the toy is taken away.

Neuropsychological development

Many children at nine months of age boast the ability to distinguish objects, faces, colors, animals. During this period, logic is actively developing. A child can stack cubes, pyramids, sort objects by color and shape. Do not be afraid to give your baby new information, play with him, leaf through books, view pictures. Even if it seems to you that the baby still does not perceive this information, believe me, later the result will be very noticeable, because all this is stored in the memory of your little child.

As early as nine months, the child should clearly know that this is not possible. Raising kids at this time is the basis of his future behavior. Do not give in to crying. If you consider that this or that subject of a crumb should not be taken, stand your ground. The same applies to the regime of the day.

Tenth month

At ten months, a small family member is becoming more and more similar in silhouette to adults. The volume of the head becomes smaller in relation to the chest, the body becomes smooth, it spends more and more time in an upright position, it looks more and more proportional.

Physical development

Achievements of a child at this age continue to delight parents. Many boys and girls are already trying to walk. Most children confidently move along the sofa and other items. Kids actively crawl around the house, study objects, actively use various objects in their games (mother’s pots, father’s tools, open and close drawers on dressers and cabinets).

The skills of a ten-month-old baby:

• take and examine small items;
• shifting items from one box to another;
• folding towers from cubes and pyramids;
• the baby happily collects pebbles on the street in a bucket;
• many children get acquainted with pencils, felt-tip pens, finger paints;
• some little ones enjoy playing in the sand.

During the games you can in no case leave your child alone. Always be near. This will help prevent many accidents.

Neuropsychological development

At this age, the child becomes a full-fledged participant in communication between family members. He laughs, babbles, having heard the speech of his parents, sincerely rejoices at the arrival of the guests. The baby is upset or angry when something does not work out for him. At loud noises, he shudders, gets scared, can cry. At this age, a sense of humor appears. The peanut can laugh out loud if it sees a bizarre grimace or a cheerful dance. At this stage, children imitate adults, try to repeat facial expressions, behavior. This is a great time to teach your child the rules of behavior at the table and in the company of people.

In addition, boys and girls perform simple elements of the game. They ride cars, throw the ball, feed the doll out of the spoon, lay the animals to sleep, and so on. Do not scold your know-it-all if the toy is broken or the cup is broken. These actions also apply to methods of understanding the world.

Do not leave your child in the room alone unattended. Toddlers at this age love to get everything off the shelves, press buttons on electrical appliances, explore sockets. If you need to leave the room, it is recommended to leave the little one in the playpen or crib with high sides.

Eleventh month

Children at 11 months of age acquire more and more skills, delight moms and dads with their first steps and new simple words. An indicator of the correct physical and mental development is the ability to communicate with adults and other children, a wide range of emotions in a little man, the effort to learn more and more new information.

Physical development

At this stage, the child is actively growing and has the following skills:

• plays with toys for a long time;
• takes small objects with two fingers, holds them tight;
• folds the pyramid and turret;
• he is interested in colorful books and magazines, for a long time flipping through them. He likes to tear pages, rustle them;
• the peanut actively dances to music, likes musical toys;
• at the request of his parents, he shows objects, takes off his hat, socks, unzips, finds hidden objects, feeds a doll, pushes a typewriter, and so on;
• more and more words consisting of two syllables appear in speech;
• the little man already distinguishes between encouragement and denial, waves his head if he doesn’t want something, points a finger at the desired object;
• the kid finds new activities and games, for example, he can transfer cereals, pasta and other small objects from a bowl to a bowl, plays with flour, likes games with water.

The child becomes more independent, eats with a spoon, drinks from a cup, tries to put on socks or a hat, tries to fasten buttons.

Neuropsychological development

Normally, children at 11 months of age should have such neuralgic skills:

• tying the first words to the meaning (“am” - to eat, “ma” - mother, “yes” - give and so on);
• the little one already knows how to manipulate adults, he specially whimpers, which helps to get him attention;
• the little man responds to the requests of his parents - take, go, lie down, do not touch, and so on;
• children learn to stand their ground, cry and act up if they do not get what they want;
• quick wit develops. For example, to get an object that is high, the baby will put a chair;
• the baby plays role-playing games more and more - it feeds dolls, rolls cars, strokes animals.

If your child does not quite meet the established standards, do not immediately run to the doctor. Some children learn certain skills later than their peers. This is especially true for premature babies and babies with Down syndrome.

At 11 months, the baby should receive the necessary complementary foods. The menu should include vegetables, fruits, meat, fish. New products should be introduced a little. It is recommended to continue breastfeeding for at least 1 year.

Twelfth month

When a child turns 1 year old - this is a joyful event for every family. The little pean pleases the household with its loud laugh and new achievements.

Physical development

In a year, it is already quite possible to transfer a child to a one-day nap. He becomes active, plays and spends more time, communicating with adults. At this stage, it’s already quite possible to agree on something with the crumbs.

Skills at 12 months:

• game in plot games;
• repeating any action;
• the child knows the names of other family members;
• the baby must be able to explain to others what he wants;
• the baby walks alone or with adult support;
• the peanut draws, tries to lace the laces, fasten the buttons and buttons;
• the little man eats on his own, puts on outerwear.

Daytime sleep usually takes 2 to 3 hours. The rest of the time, the little know-it-all is awake, cognizes the world. In no case should you throw the crumbs alone, since the instinct of curiosity at this age prevails over the instinct of self-preservation.

For proper physical development, you should do daily exercises and massage with your child. Perfectly develops swimming and walks in the fresh air.

If the skills and knowledge of your child do not fit into the framework of the baby’s development calendar, do not worry. Each child is individual and sooner or later he will succeed.

Neuropsychological development

According to the psychology of children, at 12 months the baby can survive the first psychological crisis. This is due to the process of separating your "I" from mom. Some children become moody, do not let their mother go a step, often arrange tantrums.

Let us give an example: the baby wants to build a pyramid, but he does not succeed. Accustomed to the fact that mom helps him in everything, he calls her, begins to cry and get upset if mom expects that the baby will succeed on her own. During this period, it is very important not to scream at the little fidget and not to do everything for him. Mom’s task is to teach the little one to perform this or that action independently.

Table of physical development of children from birth to year

In this table you can find approximate parameters of height, weight, head and chest circumference in children from birth to one year.

Age in months	Weight in kilograms	Height in centimeters	Approximate weight gain in grams	Head circumference in cm	Chest circumference
At birth	3 – 3,4	49 — 54	—	30 — 37,5	36
1	3,7 – 4,5	54 — 56	600	37,5 — 39,5	36
2	4,5 – 4,9	59 — 59	800	39,5 — 43	36
3	4,9 – 5,6	59 — 62	800	43 — 45	44
4	5,6 – 6,3	62 — 65	750	45 — 46	44
5	6,3 – 6,8	65 — 68	650	46 — 47	48
6	6,8 – 7,4	68 — 70	650	47 — 48	52
7	7,4 – 8,1	70 — 72	600	47 — 48	52
8	8 – 8,1	72 — 75	550	47 — 48	52
9	8,5 – 9	75 — 76	500	47 — 49	56
10	9 – 9,5	76 — 78	450	47 — 49	54 — 56
11	9,5 — 10	78 — 80	400	47,5 — 49	54 — 56
12	10 — 11	80 — 82	350	48 — 49	55 — 57

The child’s parameters are not always suitable for these descriptions indicated in WHO standards. Minor deviations from the norm in one direction or another are considered quite normal. Premature babies gain more weight, have less weight and body parameters. Sometimes the mass of the child per year can be up to 13-15 kilograms. As a rule, large children are born to parents with the same body constitution. You can learn more about the development of the baby in the encyclopedia.

An accurate diary of intrauterine development of children by month

Learning about the onset of pregnancy, a woman experiences unforgettable emotions, because a small life develops inside her.

Consider a monthly detailed diary of the development of the fetus in the womb, and also find out what feelings the expectant mother experiences.

1 month

From the moment of conception, a new life grows and develops in the womb. After the egg and sperm are connected, cell division begins in a few days. As a result of this process, the so-called morula is formed - a compound consisting of 8-12 cells that are in close contact with each other. After penetration into the uterus, the ovum is attached to its wall. Implantation lasts about forty hours. After joining, the vesicle begins to branch strongly, small vessels appear inside that will feed the fetus in the future. All this happens during the first week of pregnancy.

Later, such processes are observed:

• development of the amniotic fluid, placenta and umbilical cord;
• embryonic cells are divided into two halves, acquire a disc-shaped form;
• between the layers of the disk appears a middle leaf - layer;
• the future spine is formed from it - the chord;
• from the same middle leaf begins the formation of muscles, blood vessels, genitals;
• the skin and nervous system form from the outer leaf;
• the inner leaflet is the future digestive and respiratory organs;
• at week 20, the embryo shows the rudiments of the head and trunk.

Summing up, it should be said that the fetus in the first month of life has such organs as the heart tube, forearm, primordium of the bronchi and trachea, intestinal tube and pancreas. At this stage, the circulatory and nervous system is already developing.

On the 23rd day after conception, the heart begins to contract. At this point, the baby resembles a fish embryo.

2 months

At the beginning of the second month, the fetus already has the rudiments of the kidneys, lungs, and the intestinal tract is actively developing. Already at this early period, the liver performs a hematopoietic function. At the embryo you can see the face and limbs. All this time the nervous system has been improved.

In the second month, such changes occur:

• rapprochement of the eyes;
• division of limbs into separate parts (shoulder, forearm, hand);
• the rudiments of the ears and nose are formed;
• closer to the end of the second month (at the seventh week) the beginnings of teeth are formed;
• in the eighth week, muscles appear that are already contracting;
• the brain is divided into departments, the cerebral cortex is divided into layers.

At this stage of pregnancy, many women experience toxicosis, which is associated with hormonal changes in the body and a developing new life in the womb.

3 months

In the third month, the active development of the fetus continues. It more and more resembles a person. Here are the changes:

• the liver continues to develop and function;
• facial features are drawn;
• nails are formed on the fingers and toes;
• the fetus performs its first movements;
• vocal cords are formed.

By the end of the third month, the intestines begin to function. The genitals continue to form, but it is still impossible to distinguish a boy from a girl. The nervous system continues to form, the little man already feels skin irritation, reacts to it by clenching his fingers.

4 months

In the fourth month, the fetus grows rapidly. The vessels are not very deep, so they are clearly visible on the body. The following processes occur here:

• already at 14 weeks a skeleton is formed;
• the digestive system continues to develop;
• the stomach and gall bladder are already working;
• the child already secretes the first feces (primordial);
• red bone marrow already performs the function of blood formation;
• the endocrine system begins to function;
• the kidneys work and urine is released.

The child performs more and more movements. He turns his head, moves his arms and legs, takes a finger in his mouth. In the fourth month, a woman feels the first movements of the fetus.

In the fourth month, it is already possible to determine the sex of the unborn child by ultrasound.

5 months

At the fifth month, the fetus appears subcutaneous fatty tissue, the skin becomes less transparent, the vessels are almost invisible. This is half of the entire pregnancy. At this stage, the child has the first hair. The changes in the fifth month are as follows:

• the body is covered with a cheese-like lubricant that protects it from pathogenic microorganisms;
• the spleen begins to take part in the process of hematopoiesis;
• the vestibular apparatus is formed;
• the entire endocrine system works.

At the fifth month, the baby has facial expressions, can smile or frown.

6 months

During this period, the whole body of the crumbs is covered with a cheese-like grease and a thin fluff. The six-month-old fetus has eyebrows and eyelashes. The baby breathes, swallows amniotic fluid. The lungs are still closed at this point. The child ends the formation of parts of the brain. The digestive system is well developed and fully functioning. The baby moves freely in the amniotic fluid. The main time the baby sleeps (up to 20 hours a day). The little man is already responding to bright lights and loud sounds.

Seven months

In the lungs, the formation of alveoli and air tubes occurs. At this stage, a special substance begins to be synthesized, which causes the lungs to open when inhaled (surfactant).

The sensory organs are already fully functioning. The kid sees a bright light, hears sounds. In connection with the further development of the endocrine system, a special type of metabolic processes develops in the fetus.

8 months

The fetus grows significantly and is not so freely moving in the uterine cavity. Movements become more coordinated. In most cases, the baby is located head down, but sometimes there is pelvic presentation.

The heart is already almost formed, but there is still a hole between the right and left atria, which should independently close after the baby is born. In addition, the child has botall duct. Its function is the connection of the pulmonary artery and aorta. After birth, he must stop his work.

9 months

At the ninth month, the baby already has fair skin, its shapes are rounded, the fetus is gaining weight. The gun on the body gradually disappears. Movement is minimized, since the baby already occupies the entire uterine cavity. A special center has already been formed in the brain that is responsible for breathing.

The formation of the liver, pancreas is still ongoing. These organs will ripen even after the baby is born. At 9 months, the baby already discerns the intonation of voices, hears music.

10 months

At this time, the fluff on the child’s body disappears, most of the internal organs fully perform their functions. At 38 weeks, the baby is considered mature to the birth.
  At 38 - 40 weeks, the baby gives an impetus to the birth, childbirth begins.

In this photo you can see the development of the fetus by week.

What toys do children under one year old need

After birth, every baby requires proper care and affection. At the same time, every parents want to develop their child, so they wonder what toys are needed for children of one age or another? Let's figure out which toys are preferable from birth to up to a year:

• 1 month - colorful soft toys and rattles without small details;
• 2 months - here just the time will have a musical carousel, which should be fixed above the bed;
• 3 months - colorful rattles, toys with different textures, rustling, ringing;
• 4 months - balls, tumblers, rattles, various ringing toys;
• 5 months - cubes, soft toys, rattles, musical;
• 6 months - pipes, tambourines, piano. Tiny will be happy to learn new sounds. In addition, you can buy rubber bathing toys;
• 7 months - here you can already use various game rugs and panels, musical instruments, balls, pyramids;
• from 8 months to a year, finger paints, pencils, dolls, simple designers for sorting objects, wheelchairs are perfect.

No matter how interesting and colorful the toys may be, parents should remember that they will not replace communication with mom and dad, so devote as much time to your child as possible, talk to him, sing songs, leaf through books. This will help to grow a happy, healthy and creative personality.

Video on the early development of children under one year old

In his video, Dr. Evgeny Olegovich Komarovsky spoke about the early development of children.

Hello dear readers! You are a psychologist-defectologist Irina Ivanova. Today I want to tell you about how to develop a child up to a year by month. Recently, I had to attend a discussion that unfolded in the company of young modern women.

It was about popular now. All mothers spoke with enthusiasm about the achievements of their children. Someone leads them to an early development studio, of which a lot have now opened. Someone uses the technique at home, and their children already know the letters by the age of three or four and are almost ready to read books on their own.

There were even adherents of the now forgotten, but from this not becoming less valuable, system of education of the Nikitin family, very popular at the end of the last century. Well, only those who are not interested in anything at all now use the benefits. But ... all this concerned kids older than one and a half to two years. But what about children who are less than a year old? Do they really need only healthy sleep and good nutrition?

One of the participants in the discussion, a girl working in a developing children's center as a psychologist, enlightened the audience on this subject. I want to introduce you to what she told us. Firstly, she brought us the authoritative opinion of many famous experts in the field of child psychology. It turns out that you should not place unjustified expectations on the artificial stimulation of development.

Each skill will come to the baby only when the psyche, brain cells and the whole body in its development rise to a certain level to master it. This is a genetically embedded property in humans. After all, you can not immediately sit on the twine, if you have never done gymnastics? Even if two hens are planted on one egg at once, the chicken will still hatch only on the 21st day.

Yes, you need to prepare the base for new skills. When the time comes, the grain will fall into the prepared soil, but it is unnecessary to force events excessively. As for infants up to a year, it is possible and necessary to develop them, but in accordance with the capabilities of the baby.

What to do with a baby

There are no words, it is very important that both “the ass was dry” and “the tummy worked like a clock”, but we must remember that every day of the baby’s life is priceless for its development. Here are some recommendations on how to develop your baby for months, what to play and do with it.

• First month

No need to look after the child in complete silence. Talk to him in a calm, affectionate voice, and by the end of the month he will begin to hold his gaze on your face, and you will wait for the first precious smile - an invitation to further communication. Hang a bright rattle above the bed at a distance of 60 cm, let him try to focus his eyes on it. This is enough for the first time.

• Second month

Take the baby more often in your arms, and he himself prefers this position. In this way the desire for knowledge is genetically embedded in a person. Moreover, when you hold the crumbs, do not try to argue with someone at this time or get angry. Only kind facial expressions, only calm and even tone of conversation. At this stage of development, the main thing is the satisfaction of the orienting reflex.

• Third month

Lay the baby on the tummy, putting a bright object in front of it. Talk with him, respond to his humming: aaaa, gu-gu, boo-boo. Sing songs, turn on melodic music, do not leave crying in the bed for a long time in order to “accustom” yourself to occupy yourself. These are the prerequisites for future neurosis.

• Fourth month

Decorate the interior as colorful as possible, in which the baby spends the most time - bright colors of fabrics, a carousel with melodious music, or moving modules will create the right mood, prepare for the development of forms and shades of color. Put rattles in his handle, hang them at the level of the hands, often change the position of the crumbs: either in the crib, then in the arena, then in the arms.

• Fifth month

This is a month of interest in toys. From this time on, the child can take them, grab them, pull them towards him. Now teach him to deal with them: knock, shift from pen to pen, carefully consider. Show him moving toys - jumping, spinning. Attention development is the foundation of future successful learning. Do not forget to answer the walk, which by the fifth month becomes active and very melodic. So you help develop speech, the foundations of which are being laid right now.

• Sixth month

The child seeks to begin to crawl, and now we need to create conditions for this. It is better if it is a special playpen, but the part of the carpet covered with a thick blanket is also suitable. Spread toys in front of the baby lying on his tummy. He will reach for them and try to crawl, possibly on his tummy or on all fours.

The main educational games this month are all kinds of boxes and modules in which you can put and get items from them. It is advisable that they be equipped with lids that the baby really likes to open and close.

• Seventh month

This is a period of intensive development of speech understanding. Talk with your crumbs, show objects of the world, toys, name them. This is how a passive vocabulary develops and the prerequisites for him to start talking. The best toys at the moment are a box or box with cubes and balls, small toys. Let the child get them out of there and put them back.

Very useful games with water while swimming, with floating objects in it. From this age, it is necessary to reasonably introduce the concepts of “possible” and “impossible”. Do not forget that indulging whims is the basis for the development of hysteria, and excessive rigor is the prerequisites for the upbringing of either a rebel or an indecisive person in the future.

• Eighth month

Do not lay out many toys at once, it is better to periodically hide them and take them out in turn. In order to develop thinking, you need to play with them small scenes that are understandable to the baby. Let the dolls walk, eat, sleep, feed the cats and dogs. Accompany these performances with clear commentary and onomatopoeia. They will bring much more benefits for the development of intelligence and speech of children than the best educational cartoons.

• Ninth month

Play hide and seek when you hide yourself, your baby or a toy under a scarf or diaper. In children at this age, modulated babble appears. Select syllables from it that are similar to the words of your native language, repeat them expressively several times. So you create the prerequisites for your baby to pronounce them.

Turn on the music to listen, let it be light melodies or children's songs. Standing on the floor or in the playpen, the children will dance under them. Play with toys together, show their capabilities, name the color and shape of objects, ask them to give you a certain thing. The tenacious memory of the crumbs will retain this knowledge, and soon he will operate with these concepts himself.

• From 10 months to a year

During this period, you need to talk tirelessly with the child. Say anything, you can’t just be silent. Accompany your comments with comments, talk about what is happening in the house, what you see on a walk, outside the window.

All kinds of pyramids, inserts, games where you need to invest somewhere (such as a mailbox game), rings put on pins, nesting dolls, large puzzles made of plastic - this is the minimum set of educational games and toys. Give your baby a piece of thick paper and a soft pencil. He is already able to leave a mark on the sheet, draw a dash. Read books, play finger games, sing songs to him and tell nursery rhymes.

The development of boys under one year is not much different from the development of girls. As a rule, only the gained weight and height of the babies are slightly different.

At birth, girls have more fat reserves than boys. However, newborn boys tend to be longer and heavier, and they can grow faster than girls. The head circumference of up to a month in boys is on average slightly larger (less than 1 cm) than in girls. As it develops, this difference increases.

The main indicators that young parents of a child up to a year are guided by are the weight and height of the baby. In addition, congenital reflexes, sensory reactions, statics and motor skills, as well as speech and emotions are taken into account.

Consider the development of a boy by months and analyze physiological norms in detail.

Table 1. Average height and weight of boys from birth to 1 year

Year + month	Weight, kg)	Height (cm)	Month
Newborn	3,60	50	0
1 month	4,45	54,5	1
2 months	5,25	58,0	2
3 months	6,05	61	3
4 months	6,7	63	4
5 months	7,3	65	5
6 months	7,9	67	6
Seven months	8,4	68,7	7
8 months	8,85	70,3	8
9 months	9,25	71,7	9
10 months	9,65	73	10
11 months	10	74,3	11
12 months	10,3	75,5	12

Table 2. Dimensions (girth) of the head in boys up to a year

Age	Head circumference	% of body length
Up to 1 month	35	69
1 month	37	69
2 months	39	68
3 months	41	67
6 months	44	65
9 months	46	64
1 year	47	63

Psychomotor development of boys in their first year of life

The child’s psychomotor development is a static and motor activity, the child’s adaptive skills, speech and emotional changes.

1st month

In the first month, the newborn has pronounced unconditional congenital reflexes - sucking and grasping. By the end of the first month in babies decreases physiological  hypertonicity muscles, and as a result, gradually  the chaotic movement of the arms and legs fades away.

2nd month

At 2 months, the baby is actively moving its limbs, but these movements become less chaotic and more coordinated. It can be rotated by the body from side to side. Attempts to raise his head and body, raising his neck and chest by about 45 degrees. The kid smiles at the sight of mom and dad. Gulit and pronounces "aha."

3rd month

At 3 months, unconditioned reflexes fade in the boy, comes back to normal muscle tone, the baby confidently holds his head. The child has an active and meaningful reaction, a grasping reflex develops - he reaches for the toy. A grasping reflex gradually develops. The child reacts more actively to various stimuli (light, sound), long walks, communicates more emotionally with his mother. The kid smiles even to strangers.

4th month

At four months, the baby begins to roll on its side, can take your favorite toy and examine it. The movements of the child are more meaningful and focused. The kid easily recognizes loved ones, distinguishes between friends and strangers, can laugh with positive emotions. In his speech, some consonants appear among the vowels.

5th month

At the age of five months, the boy easily turns over from the abdomen to the back, reaches for all toys and other objects of interest to him within the radius of access. Tastes objects and toys. The kid clearly distinguishes between friends and strangers, can pronounce syllables. Animatedly enjoys communicating with other babies.

6th month

In half a year, the boy can shift objects from hand to hand, actively turns over, makes attempts to sit down. The child actively reacts to relatives and others
  people asking for hands. In speech, he often uses different syllables and sounds - the baby babbles. Since six months, children are strongly attached to their parents and very difficult to tolerate even a short separation from mom and dad.

7th month

At 7 months, the boy sits with a straight back without support and support. Lying on your back actively moves and plays with your feet. Actively creeps. In the vertical position, it springs with legs while resting on them. It can change the position of the body if necessary (for example, get a toy). The kid requires more emotional communication, he likes to play with his mother.

8th month

At 8 months, the baby can quickly crawl, sit down and get up, go to bed, manipulate toys. He understands speech, adequately responds to questions - nods his head approvingly or negatively, performs the simple actions that he was taught (to wave the “bye” handle, play “frogs”). The kid can pronounce syllables consisting of a consonant and a vowel. It can repeat sounds after adults. The first attempts to walk with support.

9th month

At nine months, the boy can repeat some actions for adults or older children, plays independently, begins to specially throw off or drop objects. He answers simple questions with simple actions, and he can duplicate syllables - “ma-ma”, “pa-pa”, “ba-ba”. The word “give” appears in the lexicon. At 8-9 months, the baby is happy to study books and can recognize and show on your favorite characters and animals. The child tries to portray the voices of animals with sounds.

10th month

At 10 months, the baby is able to perform certain actions to build a pyramid, fold cubes, open and close boxes, knows the place where the toys are. The kid is actively crawling and can walk, holding hand, leaning against the wall. Makes attempts to go on their own without support. Can pronounce the first words.

11th month

At 11 months, the child must understand the words "can" and "not." Can stand without support, trying to walk independently. Rejoices in other young children. The baby’s vocabulary expands to the syllables “la-la”, “meow”, etc.

12th month

In a year, as a rule, boys can walk independently. Vocabulary expands to a few words that are more understandable only to parents. The kid loves to play with children, with parents. Fulfills the request, understands the word "can not". The kid knows how to assemble a pyramid, and put his toys in place. The speech development of a boy in a year allows him to pronounce words from several syllables, and some children at this age utter whole phrases. Most of the actions of a one-year-old child are made meaningfully, fulfill various requests and adequately respond to prohibitions. In a year, a child can hold a spoon, and also have certain taste preferences.

Year is one of the most interesting and funny ages of a child, but at the same time, it is an alarming time for parents. Mom and dad need a lot of attention in order to constantly monitor the baby and keep him constantly in sight - after all, a year-old, and especially a boy who gets up on his legs, turns into a mobile and curious creature that will explore the whole house, turning it upside down. Therefore, parents must ensure complete safety for the child and remove all items and objects from the baby’s access area that are dangerous.