SENIOR PENSIONS (for seniority) IN TSARA RUSSIA.
By 1914, all "state employees" had the right to a state pension for long service ("for long-term immaculate service"), that is:
--- officials of all departments of all classes, as well as clerks,
--- Officers and warrant officers of the army, customs service, gendarme corps, etc.:
--- Teachers (including folk, primary classes), the Law Teacher and employees of theological educational institutions, as well as teachers, professors of universities and other educational institutions,
--- Scientists and engineers at all state-owned factories, all departments and organizations,
--- Doctors and medical assistants (including the veterinary service), as well as employees and lower ranks (service staff) of state-owned hospitals and institutions,
--- Workers of state-owned factories (since 1913) and state-owned railways:
http://www.hist.msu.ru/Labs/Ecohist/OB12/feldman.pdf
For ordinary citizens of RI, pension provision consisted of several terms. The main thing, of course, is the state pension "for long-term immaculate service" (or a sickness / disability pension \\; in case of forced early departure from work due to health reasons, and since 1912 disability pension was also paid to workers of private enterprises).
The second term; Emerimetre, i.e.; e. the amount paid by individual departments (for example, railway engineers, mining engineers, justice, etc.) to their retirees from the mutual assistance fund for life; provided that this person at one time deducted contributions to this cashier for 10 years. Moreover, the size of emerity sometimes was not inferior to the size of the state pension!
And the third; pensions due to holders of the most prestigious state awards. In fact, this contingent was very large and also included soldiers awarded the St. George Crosses.
Returning to old-age pensions, there was no single age for the whole empire, upon reaching which a person was automatically considered a pensioner. But in order to receive a pension in the amount of 100% of your salary (they used to say: “get a full salary”), you had to work for 35 years (of course, we talked about general experience; the Soviet invention “continuous experience” in those days was not yet known), moreover, 34.5 years of experience also counted as 35; summer. Workers who have served for 25 years or more have the right to a “half salary”. They were equated with those whose length of service was 24.5 years.
Pension benefits were provided primarily to those who had to resign early due to health reasons. They received the right to a maximum pension at a length of service of 30 years or more. Experience from 20 to 30 years provided 2; /; 3 salaries, and from 10 to 20 years; third. If the disease did not allow a person to not only work, but even look after himself, then “full salary” was expected after 20 years of work, 2; /; 3 of it; with a length of service of at least 10 years, and a third; if you have at least five years of work experience.
However, in addition to seniority, it was necessary to have one more fundamental condition: service for all years should have been "immaculate." There was nothing to hope for pensions for those who were at least once dismissed “under the article”: “removed from office” by the court or “removed from office” by order of the authorities. The pension did not rely on persons who had served their sentences for criminal offenses. The latter included representatives of the political opposition; from Narodnaya Volya to the Bolsheviks. And really, why should ideological fighters with the “tsarist regime” be on its own content? So, neither Lenin, nor Stalin, nor their other associates, convicted of numerous criminal articles, the state pension clearly did not shine. They really had nothing to lose ...
As for the dismissed “according to the article” (through the court or by the authorities), he could get another job and earn a pension there. True, in this case, the countdown of years of service began from scratch. It was more difficult for a citizen who had problems with the Criminal Code. Under Russian law, no one could return to him the lost pension rights, except, of course, the Sovereign. However, the petition addressed to the head of state should not be submitted immediately after serving the sentence, but at least after three years of “immaculate” service. This minimum length of service served as a kind of evidence that yesterday's offender took the path of correction and, therefore, can be forgiven. If the Sovereign agreed, a record was made in the track record of the recent prison officer stating that the sentence he had served “is not an obstacle to the appointment of a pension”. Of course, only the service that began after the release from prison was counted as a pensioner.
The emperor claimed the increased pension.
In principle, any employee on his own initiative could interrupt labor activity for a long time. If, for example, an official or an officer planned to relax for a year or two on the estate or heal on the waters in Baden-Baden, and then return to work again, then he quit “voluntarily” without asking for a pension. But if, for any reason, he was no longer going to work, then in a letter of resignation he announced his desire to receive a pension.
The amount of the assigned pension was not subject to appeal; amounts were not restated. But in the event that a pensioner was under investigation for cases previously committed in the service, only half of the amount was paid to him. The second part was issued only if the court passed a verdict of not guilty.
It was possible to deprive a person of a pension in two cases: if he got a haircut as a monk or, having gone abroad, he became a defector. But the death of a pensioner, strangely enough, for the current citizens of the Russian Federation living in the USSR and us, was not a reason for stopping the payment: the widow (for life, except for the widows of those who died in duels) and children (sons; up to 17 years old, daughters; before marriage or until reaching the age of 21).
If a pensioner decided to return to work, he would lose his appointed pension. The fact is that at the same time it was forbidden to receive both a salary and a pension in the Russian Empire, and such a phenomenon as a “working pensioner” was not yet known (as in the whole world at that time). The retiree, who had just started working, could continue to work just as much as he considered necessary and possible. At the end of the service, the amount of the pension was calculated anew; as a rule, the new figure due to the increased experience was significantly larger than the original.
I may have missed some categories. More details can be found in the Code of Laws of the Russian Empire:
http://civil.consultant.ru/reprint/books/175/180.html#img181
***
SOCIAL INSURANCE IN TSAR RUSSIA AT THE BEGINNING OF THE XX CENTURY.
http://www.insurn.ru/pg-id-432.htm
In 1903, a law appeared "on the remuneration of workers and employees in industrial enterprises, mining and mining plants" as a result of accidents. According to which, for the loss of ability to work for a period of more than three days from personal injury received at the workplace, the worker was entitled to remuneration in the form of benefits, and in the event of disability or death - in the form of a pension, and the owner of the enterprise was held liable. The law fixed the transfer of responsibility of the owner of the enterprise to the insurance institution or company if the owners of the enterprises are insured in Russian insurance companies and institutions. The law defined the exact procedure for receiving benefits and established control over its implementation. Since July 1904, the law covered workers and employees of military departments, since 1905 - workers and employees of state printing houses, since 1906 workers and employees of the sea department and state enterprises of commercial ports.
According to the reports of the largest insurance companies in Russia, acting under the law of 1903, 534,369 people were insured in 1904 for collective insurance in the societies "Russia", "Help", "Caring", "Anchor", "Salamander", and in mutual insurance societies - Riga, Ivanovo-Voznesensky, Kiev - 148 934 people (5.3% of the total number of people living in wage labor).
Thus, by 1905, the Russian Empire had created the basis for a social insurance system in the field of providing workers injured from accidents with medical care, disability benefits and disability pensions, which subsequently formed the basis of the concept of state insurance. However, it was insufficient. The percentage of insured workers remained extremely low. The provision of medical care remained low. In addition to the law on state accident insurance, workers required laws on pensions, disability, unemployment, etc.
The development of all these laws began as early as 1904: according to the nominal Higher Decree, the Governing Senate of December 12, 1904 was ordered: "... in the further development of measures already taken to ensure the participation of workers in factories, factories and fields, take care of the introduction of state insurance." A commission was created under the leadership of the Minister of Trade and Finance V.I. Timiryazev to develop relevant bills. She reviewed the materials of existing bills on insurance of workers in European countries (Germany, Austria, Switzerland, France). Partly European workers insurance systems formed the basis of the future workers insurance system in Russia.
INSURANCE LEGISLATION 1912
The ministerial note to the bill on the provision of workers in case of illness, introduced in the Third Duma in 1908, noted the existence of 54 agreements in the Vladimir province, 29 in Samara, 45 in Kherson.
According to the Factory Inspectorate in 1907, the issuance of cash benefits to workers during illness was observed in 51 provinces (out of 64 that were subject to inspection supervision); they covered 15% of enterprises and 1/3 of the total number of workers.
Most often, benefits were issued in the amount of half the earnings (47% of enterprises), but there were also payments of full earnings (37%). Eligibility for benefits depended on the length of service. The terms during which the benefits were issued varied from 1.5-3 weeks (36%) to recovery (27%), as well as up to 1 month.
The law was applied on June 23, 1912 to workers and employees employed in enterprises of factories, mining, shipping on inland waters, on trams and railways. All enterprises belonging to the treasury were excluded (insurance was introduced for them earlier, in 1904-1908), as well as small enterprises with less than 20 employees.
All large and most medium-sized factories insured all their workers. And if someone received a mutilation, then at the expense of insurance sums the worker could count on quite decent compensation, and if the mutilation did not allow him to work, then for a life pension. If a person died as a result of an injury, then this money was paid to his widow and children.
PENSIONS AND INSURANCE AFTER 1917
We read TSB:
http://slovari.yandex.ru/art.xml?art...7
Quote:
"After the October Revolution of 1917, state pensions were established for workers. From the very first years of the Soviet government, state pensions were granted at the expense of the state for disability and survivors. Since 1928, old-age pensions were introduced for workers in certain industries, which were then extended to of all workers, and by 1937 for employees. The State Pensions Act of 1956 significantly increased the level of pension provision and expanded the circle of persons entitled to pensions. "
So, from 1917 to 1928, old-age pensions were not paid at all, they were silently canceled in the State Deputies. In 1928, pensions began to be paid to certain categories of workers (mining and textile industries) - pensions began to be paid to employees only in 1937. That is, after 1917, employees who left their jobs by age for more than 20 years (!) Did not receive pensions at all. The sizes of Sovdep pensions were very small until 1956 (!). What pensions were before 1941? I managed to find the size of pensions only for the disabled of the Red Army and the Civil War - they were increased in 1937:
http://www.kommersant.ru/doc.aspx?Do...790&print\u003dtrue
Quote:
"From the minutes of the meeting of the Politburo No. 45, 1937
About raising the size of the pension
1. To establish from January 1, 1937, the following sizes of pensions in the manner of social security (including bread allowances).
a) for persons who have received disabilities in connection with participation in a civil war or military service in the Red Army;
b) for invalids from among the former Red Guards and Red partisans - regardless of the time and reasons for the onset of disability;
c) for disabled family members of persons specified in subparagraphs "a" and "b" of persons with disabilities in the event of the death of the latter, as well as disabled family members of persons who have died in connection with participation in a civil war or serving in the Red Army:
Disabled persons of the first group - 65 rubles. * (For those without agriculture) / 40 rubles. (for those who have agriculture).
Disabled people of the second group - 45 rubles. / 25 rub.
Families of the deceased with three or more disabled members - 45 rubles. / 25 rub.
Families of the deceased with two disabled members - 35 rubles. / 20 rub.
Families of the deceased with one disabled member - 25 rubles. / 15 rub.
2. To establish the following family allowances for disabled pensioners: for three or more disabled family members - in the amount of 40% of the pension received by the disabled person; with two disabled family members - in the amount of 30% of the pension received by the disabled person; with one - at a rate of 20%.
3. In cases where pensions granted in accordance with social security procedures before January 1, 1937 exceed those specified in Art. 1 sizes, these pensions are not subject to reduction in accordance with this resolution ...
* Student scholarship in 1937 was 130 rubles. per month, which was impossible to live on without extra earnings. "
As you can see, even the maximum disability pension in 1937 did not exceed half of the student scholarship (!). Apparently, old-age pensions were only slightly more. Even in the last years of Stalin's life (in the 1950s), an old-age pension could not be higher than 300 rubles - this is with an average salary in those years of about 1,200 rubles. Of course, under Stalin there were also large personal pensions, but we are talking about medium ones (without personal allowances). That is, the maximum pension in the early 1950s was only 25% of the average salary.
Compare this with the tsarist times: those who retired due to illness were entitled to 33% of their salary (salary) even at least 5 years of work (67 years of service), 67% if they were of 10 years, and if a person left for health reasons, he worked for 20 years - he received a full salary! This is for those who have stopped work due to illness. And in old age, with the experience of 25 years until 1917, the employee already received 50% of the salary. Compare this to a 25% salary in 1951-1955!
Only in 1956, under Khrushchev, a good pension reform was carried out in the USSR, and the size of pensions was significantly increased - almost 40 years (!) After the October Revolution!
The creation of the social security organs of the Soviet period began literally in the first days after the October Revolution. So, already on October 29 (in the new style on November 11), 1917, the head of the new government Vladimir Lenin signed a decree on the creation of the People’s Commissariat of State Charity.
Already on October 30 (November 12), Lenin had a conversation with Alexandra Kollontai, who, after extensive experience of party work in the early 20th century, was invited to the post of first minister in the Soviet government. The choice of candidate for the post of People's Commissar of Charity was not accidental.
Alexandra Kollontai led the People’s Commissariat of State Charity for only a few months: from October 30, 1917 to March 19, 1918. But even for such a short period of time, the activities of the first people's commissar of charity played a crucial role in the formation of guardianship in the Soviet Republic - in the extreme conditions of two wars (world and civil), with a huge stream of wounded soldiers and people left without a livelihood.
In August 1918, pensions were introduced for disabled people of the Red Army, in 1923 - for party activists ("old Bolsheviks"). In 1928 - for workers in the mining and textile industries. Universal pensions for urban workers and employees will be introduced only in 1937.
The pensions for military personnel in the first years of Soviet power were regulated by a decree of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR of October 29, 1924 "On the approval of the Code of laws on benefits and advantages for military personnel of the Workers 'and Peasants' Red Army and Workers 'and Peasants' Red Fleet of the USSR and their families."
Literally on the eve of World War II, on June 5, 1941, a decree of the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR “On the pension provision of servicemen and members of their families” was adopted, which determined the size of the pension depending on the wages and reasons for the disability of the servicemen.
With the end of the NEP period and the beginning of collectivization in 1929, the living standards of the working population quickly fell.
In the pre-war period (before the start of World War II), the minimum standard of living of workers - in terms of the ratio of salaries to the cost of the consumer basket - was recorded in 1940. He was twice lower than the standard of living of the Russian worker in 1913.
As for the peasants, their situation in the country has not changed for a long time, starting from the period of serfdom. Peasants did not receive pensions in pre-revolutionary Russia. Under Soviet rule, rural workers remained virtually disenfranchised. Up until the 60s, when during the Khrushchev "thaw" significant changes took place in the social sphere. At the same time, the formation of the Soviet pension system, which for the first time became universal, was basically completed.
In 1956, the Law on State Pensions was adopted in the USSR.
In 1964, with the adoption of the Law on Pensions and Benefits for Members of Collective Farms, the collective farmers first received pension rights in the Soviet Union.
Since the 1960s, the pension system of the USSR included two basic components: pensions for workers and employees of state enterprises and pensions for collective farmers. For the first time, a universal right to receive an old-age pension was legally formalized.
Between 1973-1974, disability and survivor pensions were introduced.
Some categories of workers were vested with the right to receive seniority pensions, but these norms, as well as many other exceptions to the general rule for awarding pensions in the Soviet Union, were regulated by separate laws.
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Pension provision in the USSR was virtually free for workers. In the absence of insurance contributions from citizens' incomes, pensions were financed from public consumption funds.
Sources of pension payments were generated at the expense of the state budget and deductions from the payroll of enterprises (the deduction rate ranged from 4% to 12%, depending on the field of activity).
Another distinguishing feature of the Soviet pension system is the low retirement age: 60 years for men and 55 years for women. This bar has remained unchanged since the beginning of the 1930s, when it was established based on the results of a commission survey of workers and women workers who retired on disability. The conclusions of the commissions came to the conclusion: “By the age of 55, most women and by the age of 60, most men lose the opportunity to continue to work.”
On the one hand, early retirement age was considered among the special privileges of workers under socialism. On the other hand, it was unprofitable for the state to increase the age limit: early retirement was a kind of compensation for the low amount of pension payments.
In addition, the state used the level of pension service as an effective instrument for regulating employment: preferential retirement age — when it was possible to retire much earlier than 60 and 55 — was established under dangerous working conditions, as well as for people working in extreme climatic conditions , for example, in the Far North and the Far East. Moreover, all regional and sectoral benefits were provided exclusively through public funding. Like many other pension privileges, which have developed a lot in Soviet history.
The system of pension privileges in the USSR began to take shape already in the first years of Soviet power.
First Decree of the Council of People's Commissars "On personal pensions to persons with exceptional services to the republic"Came out on February 16, 1923, as amended and supplemented by Decree of April 24 of that year.
Regardless of the specific merits to the state, throughout the Soviet period of pensions there were three categories of pension privileges:pensioners of union, republican and local significance.
Traditionally, the right to receive a personal pension was given to outstanding scientists, honored party workers, as well as holders of honorary titles and awards: Heroes of the Soviet Union, Heroes of Socialist Labor, full holders of the Order of Glory (three degrees).
The size of the pension of union value was 250 rubles per month. Republican and local significance - respectively, 160 and 140 rubles per month. Along with the regular cash payment, personal pensioners received an annual supplement for rehabilitation - in the amount of one or two monthly pensions.
Personal pension rates were relatively low compared to departmental allowances.
So, for example, full members of the USSR Academy of Sciences received a bonus for an academic title in the amount of 500 rubles per month. Corresponding members - 400 rubles. Additional payment for the title was paid for life: first in the form of a bonus to the salary, then to the pension.
Military pensioners were also in a special position in the USSR. The pension level of retired officers was on average twice the level of civilian pensions. For example, retired army and security officers received a retirement salary of 250 rubles a month, employees of the Ministry of Internal Affairs - 220 rubles. The level of pensions for senior officers began at 300 rubles per month.
At the same time, senior officers were one of the few categories of pensioners in the Soviet Union who had the privilege of continuing to serve without age restrictions. Which in itself was a significant increase in retirement income.
Despite the variety of pension privileges, including compensation for special working conditions, the average level of pension provision in the USSR nevertheless remained rather low relative to pension income in European countries, including yielding to the European countries of the so-called "social camp".
One of the reasons for this situation was imperfect pension legislation. The Soviet Union did not legislatively provide for the possibility of indexing pension payments in connection with changes in the external and internal economic situation. They changed much more often than there was a real increase in pensions in the country. Also, there was no regulation on changes in the minimum and maximum pension rates, depending on the growth of salaries.
The problems of pension provision in the country sharply worsened at the end of the 80s. At that time, there was a whole range of reasons why this was happening.
The financial condition of the USSR pension system depended entirely on the dynamics of filling the state budget. In turn, the country's budget was almost completely dependent on the dynamics of world oil prices.
In the mid-1980s, a fall in energy prices brought the Soviet economy into a state of collapse: the outflow of foreign currency earnings sharply reduced the overall level of national income, followed by an avalanche-like drop in production volumes.
Already in the late 80s, the state budget deficit grew to 10% of GDP. Social programs, including pensions, were curtailed in all directions.
But the oil crisis of the 80s only laid bare the problems of the Soviet way of the pension system, and did not at all become their cause.
The number of pensioners in the USSR has increased significantly over the past 30 years: from about 14 million to 34 million from 1961 to 990. At the same time, the rates of social contributions for enterprises remained virtually unchanged. The share of state financing of pensions has steadily increased. By 1980, the share of subsidies from the federal budget in the state social insurance fund reached 60%.
Pursuant to the USSR law “On urgent measures to improve pension provision and social services for the population”, a resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers of December 30, 1989 “On Tariffs for State Social Insurance Contributions for Trade Unions” was adopted.
The adopted changes to regulate pension savings in the USSR in the new economic conditions, however, did not last long: from January 1, 1990 to January 1, 1991.
As for the general flaws in the distribution pension system that prevailed in the Soviet Union, the most important of them were as follows.
Firstly, the lack of a uniform pension strategy with unified pension rules. The multiplicity of options for pension schemes along with additional social benefits and privileges (regional, sectoral, status and others) gave rise to an opaque and extremely cumbersome system for calculating individual pensions.
Secondly, the selectivity of pension law, which became especially noticeable with the adoption of the law on entrepreneurial activity in the USSR. The massive emergence of private enterprises and the development of forms of independent employment have effectively deprived the most active population groups of their right to pensions.
Thirdly, the relatively early age of retirement (60 years for men and 55 years for women) in the context of general “aging” of the population increased the burden on the pension system, and especially on the state budget. The critical dependence of the USSR pension system on budgetary filling led to a critically low margin of safety of the country's social system as a whole.
Despite the fact that the country's constitution declared universal social guarantees, the general standard of living in the last years of the existence of the USSR fell sharply, including due to an increase in the share of the population of retirement age. According to studies of living standards conducted in the 1980s, up to 80% of the poor in the Soviet Union were pensioners, mostly older and older.
The word "pension" is one of the most popular in the modern world. In almost all countries, everyone can count on state support in their declining years. However, this was not always the case. By the way, the modern age of retirement in Russia was established in 1932. The history of pensions in our country is quite interesting.
PENSIONS IN THE RUSSIAN EMPIRE. WITHOUT AGE QUALITY
According to the Pension Fund of the Russian Federation, pensions in Russia began to be introduced gradually in the 17th century by Peter I, and detailed pension legislation was adopted under Nicholas I. Military personnel and their widows, as well as officials with a rank, began to use the first state support.
Subsequently, the pension system in Russia has been steadily expanding to include vast categories of people who are now called “state employees”. The right to retirement was received by lower-ranking employees who had no ranks, teachers of state educational institutions, medical staff of state hospitals, engineers and craftsmen, and since 1913, workers of state enterprises and railways. True, the villagers could only rely on their savings and the help of relatives.
By 1914, officials of all classes, clerks, officers, customs, gendarmes, school teachers, university teachers, scientists and engineers of all state-owned factories, doctors, medical staff of all state-owned hospitals, workers of state-owned factories and railroads were eligible for long service pension.
Pension in the amount of full salary was due to those who worked in one place for 35 years. A pension of 50% of their salary was received by those who worked in one place for at least 25 years.
At the same time, there was no age limit when a person could retire, in the Russian Empire.
People knew that after working from 20 to 30 years, you can count on retirement up to 2/3 of the salary, and with an experience of 10-20 - up to 1/3 of the salary.
The size of the pension was not subject to appeal. If a pensioner was dying, then his family (widow, minor children) continued to receive a pension.
DUEL - SPECIAL CASE
The exception was only those cases when a man died in a duel - in this case, the widow was deprived of material support.
Also, pensions were paid only to those who were not seen in anything bad, that is, were not involved, were not fired under the article. Those who had left lost their pensions and could petition the sovereign or try to re-earn their service by an immaculate service elsewhere. Also, pensions were deprived of those who took monastic tonsure or left Russia forever.
PENSION AFTER THE REVOLUTION OF 1917 HAS NOT BEEN PRACTICALLY
After the formation of the USSR, all tsarist pensions were abolished in one fell swoop. Most Soviet workers did not receive old-age pensions for a long time — they were provided only for a small part of the population.
So, in August 1918, pensions were introduced for disabled people of the Red Army, in 1923 for old Bolsheviks, in 1928 for workers in the mining and textile industries.
Only in 1930 in Soviet Russia was the “Regulation on Pensions and Social Insurance Benefits” adopted, and since 1937, pensions began to be paid to all city workers and employees.
1937: SCHOLARSHIP MORE PENSIONS
Until 1956, the size of pensions in the USSR was scanty: participants in the Civil War, soldiers of the Red Army who became disabled, were entitled to 25 rubles. - 45 rubles. (second group of disability) and 65 rubles. (first group).
Pensions were also paid to disabled members of the family of such disabled people (from 15 to 45 rubles). If we consider that in 1937 the student scholarship was 130 rubles, then the warring people who received disabilities were paid mere crumbs.
In 1926-1927, the average age of men in the USSR was 40.23 years, women - 45.61 years.
And in 1932, the age of retirement was fixed by law: 55 years for women and 60 for men.
This law is used today, almost 85 years later, although now (data from 2017), life expectancy in Russia for men is 67.5 years, for women - 77.4 years.
The maximum pension is 300 rubles. in the early 50s of the 20th century amounted to no more than 25% of the average salary (1200 rubles). Despite rising prices and salaries in the country, this maximum remained unchanged. Given that most pensioners received 40-60 rubles, it was absolutely impossible to live on that kind of money without the support of relatives.
1956: LAW ON STATE PENSIONS
The pension system in the USSR was finally established only in 1956, together with the adoption of the law "On State Pensions", i.e. Under the leadership of Nikita Khrushchev, a pension reform was carried out, and the average size of old-age pensions was more than doubled, and for disability, one and a half times.
Nikita Khrushchev is usually credited with the fact that he "gave pensions to collective farmers." In fact, all collective farmers were given the same pension at 12 rubles a month, which was approximately equal to the cost of four kilograms of doctor's sausage.
In 1973, pension payments increased to 20 rubles, and in 1987 to 50 rubles. Collective farms were allowed to pay their retirement benefits, i.e. collective farmers were obliged to create funds that were supposed to help pensioners every month - with money, groceries or workdays. The retirement age and seniority required to receive a pension were established by the members of the agricultural cartel themselves.
Against this background, the pension system of tsarist Russia looks simply luxurious.
Grandchildren Remember
And at the end of my story I want to offer you memories of the life of pensioners of the USSR.
Tatyana Rubanova:
- Toward the end of the 60s, I was 4-5 years old, I remembered from the conversation of adults. My grandmother, who worked all her life on the collective farm, survived the war, the occupation (the Kursk Bulge just passed through their village), began to receive a pension of 12 rubles. And they lived mainly by the fact that they grew in their garden.
Galina Vrublevskaya:
- The issue of pensions was discussed in our family when it was appointed to my grandmother in 1957. She was 59 years old at that time, and she had not received any pension until then, because, as I understood, she had a long break without work. She stopped working in 1942 when she was evacuated from Leningrad along with her husband (my grandfather) and his factory.
However, she had a long working life, because she worked “in apprenticeship” with the owner in a furrier's workshop from 10 years old, and later, in Soviet times, in a fur factory. Her pension was about 30 rubles (this is already in 1961 prices).
Sergey Aleksandrovich:
- Grandma worked very little, but lived in the city. She had four children. She received, it seems, 25 rubles - in the early 1960s. My grandmother bought 150 g of doctor's sausage “from retirement”, asked her to cut it, and I (I was about 7 years old) and I ate the sausage right next to the store. It was so tasty that you can’t imagine any better.
And today it is up to you and us to decide: to expect from the state tender care for us or to decide how to live by ourselves.
The review was prepared by Marina Vyazemskaya / New Pensioner
Post Views: 58 177
Examples of use: “The peasants fell especially heavily (the collective farmers were not entitled to pensions, leave, they did not have passports, they could not leave the village without the permission of the authorities, they paid a land tax, etc.)” (Course of a lecture on Russian history http: / /kursoviki.spb.ru/lekcii/lekcii_history.php)
“The pension system did not cover the peasants” (History of the Russian economy. Textbook. R. Huseynov http://www.elective.ru/arts/eko01-k0177-p12229.phtml)
Actuality:
In 1935, the USSR constitution enshrined the right of all citizens to retirement benefits. Creating a pension system.
There was no single pension fund at that time, the payment of social benefits for disability and old age was assigned directly to the cooperatives, which were to create a social fund and a mutual assistance fund for this purpose.
“The Model Charter of the agricultural cartel of 1935 (Art. 11) obliged the collective farm board to create a social fund to assist disabled people, old people, collective farmers who temporarily lost their ability to work, needy families of military personnel, and to maintain kindergartens, nurseries and orphans1 by decision of the general meeting of members of the farm. The fund was to be created from the collective farm harvest and livestock products in the amount of not more than 2% of the total gross production of the collective farm. The collective farm, whenever possible, allocated products and cash to the aid fund. At their discretion, collective farms could also provide the elderly collective farmers and disabled people with permanent pension benefits by giving them monthly food, money or accruing workdays. The size and procedure for pension provision (retirement age and the length of service required to receive a pension) were determined by the general meeting of artel members or a meeting of commissioners ”(T. M. Dimoni“ Social Security for Collective Farmers of the European North of Russia in the Second Half of the XX Century ”)
So until the end of the 60s, collective farmers also received a pension, it was not the state that gave it out, but the collective farm itself. In addition to pensions from the collective farm, specialists, invalids of the Great Patriotic War, could additionally receive a state pension. “The number of such collective farmers was not large. In the Vologda Oblast in 1963 there were only 8.5 thousand retired collective farmers, which amounted to no more than 10% of the total number of elderly members of agricultural cartels ”(Dimoni)
For workers and employees, state pensions are established in 1956 by the law on state pensions (“Vedomosti of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR”, 1956, No. 15, Article 313.)
With the release in 1964 of the "Law on Pensions and Benefits to Members of Collective Farms" ("Vedomosti of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR", 1964, No. 29, Art. 340.), the pension system of the USSR was finally formed and the state fully assumed the responsibility for paying pensions to itself. At the same time, in a resolution of the USSR Council of Ministers, it was emphasized that collective farms, at their discretion, can retain their pension payments - in addition to the state pension
From the same law of July 15, 1964 (in the original version, the law was repeatedly changed)
Article 6. The right to an old-age pension is granted to members of collective farms: men - upon reaching 65 years of age and with at least 25 years of work experience; women - at the age of 60 and with at least 20 years of work experience. [...] Article 8. Old-age pensions to collective farm members are assigned at a rate of 50 percent from earnings up to 50 rubles per month and, moreover, 25 percent from the rest of earnings. The minimum old-age pension is set at 12 rubles per month. The maximum old-age pension is set at 102 rubles per month, that is, at the level of the maximum old-age pension stipulated by the Law on State Pensions for workers and employees permanently residing in rural areas and related to agriculture.
All subsequent years there has been a gradual alignment of the pensions of collective farmers with the provision of workers and employees, thanks to the outstripping growth rates of pensions for collective farmers.
Our forum is devoted to pension issues, and recently an excellent article by A. Krechetnikov has appeared that we publish on our portal of pensioners practically unchanged (the changes are aimed only at adding reference material for ease of perception)
Pension: from the monarchy of mercy to natural lawWhat is a pension?
What is its moral and economic nature of the pension?
Today word "pension"- one of the most popular in the modern world. Citizens are being called think about retirementfrom 20 years old. In Europe and in Russia, spears are breaking around raising retirement age . Politicians and experts argue about the merits and demerits of the joint and accumulative pension system ...
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WHEN THE PENSION APPEARED
It is hard to believe, but the idea of \u200b\u200buniversal state security for old age (pensions) arose, by historical standards, yesterday.
First idea of \u200b\u200bproviding pensions realized in 1889, German Chancellor Otto von Bismarck, famous for the famous phrase: "Strength is given to revolutions not by the extreme demands of the minority, but by the unfulfilled legitimate aspirations of the majority." Contemporaries spoke in this connection of "Prussian socialism."
Before that, the world lived according to the laws of social Darwinism. The idea that everyone has the right to confidence in the future, for a secured old age - old-age pension that the state is obliged to take care of citizens would seem strange to people. However, there were no citizens then either. There were subjects.
If a person did not have a condition, children or church charity should take care of him in old age.
In Russia, there was a saying: "The first son to God, the second to the king, the third to his own food."
In folklore of many nations there is a similar story: heartless people feed old people from a pig trough, their little son begins to shave something with a knife, parents ask what he does, and the baby answers: "I master the trough - feed you when you grow old."
Everything in the world has its good and bad sides. According to many, the development of social security has reduced the birth rate and weakened family ties.
By royal decree
Of course, pensions were granted before Bismarck. . But this was done on the basis of principles that had nothing to do with modern ideas about social justice. Pensions were not considered a state duty , but as a royal mercy, few were given, and, as a rule, to those who were already in poverty.
FOR THE FIRST TIME "PENSION" (FROM LATIN PENSION - "PAYMENT")
appeared in the documents of the Paris Court of Auditors during the reign of Louis XI in the second half of the 15th century and meant the amounts transferred annually to the first chamberlain of the English king Edward IV William Hastings and other London dignitaries. These days, such "pensions" would be called bribes.
According to reports, Chancellor Elizabeth Petrovna Alexey Bestuzhev received a "pension" from the British cabinet , and Talleyrand - from the Russian Tsar Alexander I.
See similar publications in the section Pension law
- Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of February 18, 2005 N 176 On the Establishment of a Monthly Supplement to Pensions for Certain Categories of Pensioners
- On the establishment of a monthly supplement to pensions for certain categories of pensioners
- Law of the Russian Federation of February 12, 1993 N 4468-1 "On the pension provision of persons who have served in the military, service in law enforcement bodies, the State Fire Service, drug and psychotropic substances control bodies, penitentiary institutions and bodies systems and their families "
1. Employment of military pensioners
- 2. What pension will the military personnel have in 2012
The Prussian King Frederick the Great was famous for his generosity towards retired officers and non-commissioned officers of his army. True, he preferred large payments to regular payments. one-time rewards , allowing retirees to start a shop or a pub.
PENSIONS IN OLD RUSSIA
Like many other things, Peter I brought in pensions in Russia. The former tsars didn’t pay for their merits with money, apostles and ishubas.
In the decree of Peter " About retired former military "it was said:" Assign a decent life-long content, so as not to disgrace the honor of the uniform ".
True, there were few retirees, since this measure did not affect the soldiers, and most of the officers were landowners and had the means.
Catherine II almost immediately after coming to power, in 1763, ordered annually to release 50 thousand rubles in retirement to a retired general. By the end of her reign, the amount increased to 300 thousand rubles.
The purpose of the pension and its size in each case depended on the will of the monarch. Griboedovskiy Famusov, recalling the weight of his late uncle Maxim Petrovich at court, rhetorically asked: "Who gets the ranks and gives pensions? ".
Alexander I in 1803 ordered without fail to pay a pension to officers who became disabled due to injury, in the presence of 20 years of service .
Pensions were the exclusive privilege of the officers. Fortress recruits, having served 25 years, were sent to their native villages. It was considered a landowner's moral duty to help a well-deserved warrior acquire an economy and generally respect him. Disabled persons were determined to live and feed in monasteries. The state did not care about civilians at all.
For the Immaculate Service to the Throne
First worked out in detail pension legislation in Russia it was adopted in Russia under Nicholas I, who loved order and strict regulation in everything.
In the preamble of the decree of December 6, 1827, it was said: "The rules by which these remunerations were hitherto produced, had neither proper certainty, nor proportionality."
According to the Nikolaev law, all owners of class ranks, military and civil, who served 25 years,
RECEIVED THE RIGHT TO PAYMENT AT THE SIZE OF 50% WAGE, 35 YEARS - IN THE SIZE OF 100%.
If an officer or official resigned due to illness, he was entitled to a third of the salary for 10 years of service, two thirds for 20 years and full salary for 30 years.
After his death, the pension was kept for a widow for life and if she wasn’t - for her son under 17 years old, or for her daughter under 21 years old or before marriage.
A prerequisite for the appointment of a pension was the "immaculate service." The person "removed from office" for misconduct, had to start to serve first with the loss of previous experience, if they still take. The prosecuted person generally lost right to retirement, and only the emperor could restore it.
Thus, pension provision it was, by modern standards, very generous, but it covered only a small part of the population.
About how few official retirees there were, the fact that retirement decision in each case, the minister personally signed the relevant department.
In 1851, a decree was issued prohibiting retired soldiers from settling in St. Petersburg and Moscow if they "do not have the ability to support themselves in positive ways."
Afterwards pension system in Russia expanded steadily to include vast categories of people who are today called “state employees”: lower-ranking employees who did not have ranks, teachers of state educational institutions, medical staff of state hospitals, engineers and craftsmen, and since 1913, workers of state enterprises and railways . The main principle remained unchanged: the basis for the appointment of a pension was exclusively work for the state .
PENSION AFTER REVOLUTION
The Bolsheviks abolished the tsar's pensions in one fell swoop, and did not rush to introduce their own.
The vast majority of Soviet workers did not receive old-age pensions 20 years, collective farmers - almost 40 years.
In August 1918 there were disability pensions introduced Red Army, in 1923 - for the old Bolsheviks, in 1928 - for mining workers and textile industry, in 1937 - for all urban workers and employees.
Wherein maximum pension under Stalin, it was 300 "old" rubles per month (30 rubles after the 1961 denomination), which amounted to about a quarter of the average salary. Most pensioners received 40-60 rubles. It was absolutely impossible to live on such money without the support of relatives.
Nikita Khrushchev is usually credited with the fact that he " gave pensions to collective farmers ". In fact, the main significance of the 1956 reform was that the townspeople received more or less decent pensions.
"The ranks, distinctions, pensions, the letter yat, god, property and the very right to live as one wants - were canceled!"
Alexey Tolstoy, "Going through the throes"
Soviet pension legislation , preserved almost unchanged until the collapse of the USSR, was simple. The pension was awarded to men at 60, women at 55, with 25 years and 20 years respectively and amounted to half the average employee wage for the last two or any five years of working life.
Typically, the administration went to meet people and did everything to give the future pensioner the last two years to receive as much as possible.
Soviet social scientists constantly debated about the nature of pensions: is it social support for the disabled due to new generations, or the “deferred" part of the salary?
The scholastic dispute in Soviet conditions was of great practical importance: in the second case, a person with age and length of service should have legal right to "one's own" pension, regardless of whether he works or not .
The state approached this issue practically and allowed to work with retirement where there was a staff shortage, for example, in medicine.
SIZES OF PENSIONS
The “ceiling” of pensions in the USSR was 120 rubles a month.
The Soviet ruble was not convertible, but if you take the official rate of the State Bank, used for foreign trade operations, and then convert the dollars into modern rubles, about four thousand will come out - much less than modern Russian pensioners have. But after all not everyone received the maximum pension .
On the other hand, in the Soviet Union subsidized low prices were maintained for bread, milk, utilities, travel on public transport, and movie tickets.
The maximum pension was approximately three quarters of the average salary , or the salary of a young specialist.
Since pensioners did not have to spend money on children and acquiring durable goods (furniture, televisions and refrigerators in Soviet families served for decades), they often found themselves better off than their adult children.
In times of "stagnation", as a rule, not children helped their parents, but pensioners "threw some money" to young and even not very young families.
Pensioners performed another key function in Soviet conditions. Having free time, they went shopping in the morning, stood in lines, made acquaintances with sellers, knew what, where and when they “threw it out”.
In a famous joke, a little boy heard the word “male” somewhere, and asked the kindergarten teacher what it was. She replied: well, here at the birds the female sits in the nest, and the male flies, brings food. The child thought for a second and gave: it means that we have a male - a grandmother!
As for the collective farmers, Khrushchev pension reform has established the same pension for all of them 12 rubles a month, which was approximately equal to the cost of four and a half kilograms of cooked sausage. In 1973 pension payments increased up to 20 rubles, and in 1987 - up to 50 rubles. Collective farms working with profit were allowed to pay their former members retirement benefits .
ELITE PENSIONS
- 1. retired military pensioners
- 2. holders of so-called personal pensions
For former officers, the "ceiling" of a military pension was twice as high than for civilians: 250 rubles a month in the army and the KGB, 220 rubles in the Ministry of Internal Affairs. Work was allowed without any restrictions, and military pensioners were, by the standards of the time, very wealthy retirees.
General pensions began at 300 rubles per month . Marshals and army generals did not resign at all, but were transferred to the posts of inspector general and inspector-adviser of the Ministry of Defense, where they retained full salaries, cabinets, handrails, personal cars with drivers, and practically no work was required.
Even the highest party nomenclature did not have such fabulous privileges. The group of inspectors general was popularly called the "paradise group."
Personal pensions first invented in 1923. In 1925, 1956, and 1977, the legislation was amended, and personal pensions increased.
They were called so because they were appointed individually by special commissions on personal pensions under executive authorities, and in fact by the secretariats of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Central Committee of the Communist Parties of the Union Republics or regional party committees.
Accordingly, there were three categories of personal retirees:
- 1. pensioner of national importance
- 2. pensioner of republican significance
- 3. senior citizen of local importance.
Personal pensions received large scholars, the old Bolsheviks who saw "living Lenin", the heroes of the Soviet Union and Socialist Labor, the full gentlemen of the Order of Glory, but above all - the leaders of different ranks.
A personal pension of union significance was 250 rubles per month, republican - 160 rubles, local - 140 rubles. In addition, such retirees were paid one or two monthly “health improvement” pensions.
The main advantage was not in money, but in a social package: the right to be treated in privileged hospitals and clinics of the 4th Main Directorate of the USSR Ministry of Health and to purchase medicines for 20% of their cost, annual trips to sanatoriums, which the pensioner himself received free of charge, and his wife - with a significant discount, free use of public transport, and once a year - by train, a 50 percent discount on utility bills.
Moreover, personal retirees depending from the category of their personal pension , constantly or on holidays received "food orders" and could buy goods in closed dispensers inaccessible to the rest of the population.
This privilege was not mentioned in official documents, but in the conditions of the USSR, where instant coffee was a big deficit, for example, it was perhaps the most significant.
Full members of the USSR Academy of Sciences received a bonus for an academic title in the amount of 500 rubles per month, corresponding members - 400 rubles. It was paid for life and was added first to salary, and then to retirement.
Personal pension secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU was 300 rubles per month, the personal pension of a candidate for membership in the Politburo was 400 rubles, and the personal pension of a member of the Politburo was 500 rubles. So much, for example, was received by Nikita Khrushchev. High-ranking retirees retained state dachas and cars with drivers.
The first secretary of the regional committee, leaving for a personal pension, received an apartment in Moscow . The desire to stay in my hometown was not welcome.
When in 1984, the daughter of Stalin Svetlana Alliluyeva returned to the USSR from emigration, she appointed a personal pension , they gave a car with a driver and coupons for Kremlin food, although it did not have not only special merits, but also the statutory length of service.
Under Brezhnev, the privileges of the highest authorities were not high pensions, but the option to not retire until death. Politburo members and secretaries of the Central Committee who crossed the 65-year milestone were granted three days off per week by closed order.
