Balcony: history of origin, riddles and interesting facts. Balcony: history of origin, riddles and interesting facts The riddle about the balcony is difficult

The balcony nowadays has become a familiar continuation of the apartment. Everyone is so used to its presence on the facades of buildings that it is probably impossible to imagine modern architecture without it. But the balcony is far from a modern construction; it goes back to the deep Middle Ages. They began to be built back in the XIII century, and they served for defensive purposes. These were monolithic stone structures protruding from the plane of the wall and having a blank stone fence. They were held in place by massive brackets attached to the wall. They used balconies mainly for observation and defense, they built them over the main gates of the city, therefore they can be called the decoration of the main city entrance.

The functionality and convenience of balconies were quickly appreciated, and therefore they soon began to appear on the facades of residential buildings and public buildings. All sides of the building, as before, remained tightly closed, and heavy forms began to be replaced by lighter ones, because, being on the facade of the building, they served as its decoration. With the advent of the Gothic era, new type balconies, shaped like a cathedral pulpit. They had a semicircular configuration, and overlap masonry was laid out under the floor. The facades of houses and the interior decoration of the premises were decorated with such chairs.

During the Renaissance, loggias began to be installed on a special ledge, which was made in the wall. Metal fencing and a clearer shape of its various parts appear. The Venetian era adds brackets in the form of animals and people to the construction of balconies, giving the impression that the structures do not hang in the air, but are supported from below by their figures. At this time, intricate curly metal fences appeared, with a complex pattern of forged railings. Balconies become a decoration of buildings, so they try to make them unusually picturesque.

In Russia, these architectural elements appeared quite late, and they could only be found on the facades of the royal palaces. In the Baroque era, the Catherine Palace was decorated with a large number of such structures, it was a special charm of those times, it emphasized the pomp of the building. At the end of the 19th century, balconies began to be widely used in the construction of apartment buildings. The use of concrete and metal makes it possible to build more balconies into the facades of city houses, this is becoming not too expensive a pleasure and a privilege not only of kings.

The origin of the word "balcony"

The word "balcony" itself has ancient German roots, and in translation means "beam" or "log". The Italians began to use it, giving the word a national flavor, changed the word "balco" to "balcone". This word refers to a ledge made of beams embedded in a wall. In this form, the word went around the world, and spread widely along with the construction of these structures.

Modern balconies

Currently, a balcony is not only an opportunity to enjoy the surrounding landscape and fresh air, but also the prospect of expanding the living space. Therefore, glazed loggias have gained wide popularity, in which you can arrange a storage room, an additional room, and a greenhouse for flowers.

The protruding rooms of modern houses can be divided into four main types:

- platform protruding from the wall, with fences and railings;
Veranda- differs from the usual balcony large size, obligatory covering on top and support in the form of columns;
Loggia- a structure deepened into the facade of the building, having only one side;
French balcony - an opening in the wall, fenced from the street side, it does not have an exit area.

In different countries, a certain shape of the balcony usually predominates, it depends on the climatic conditions of the country. In countries with sultry and hot climates, covered verandas and terraces are common, hiding from the scorching rays of the sun. Where the climate is more temperate, open structures and large verandas are used. In countries with cold and harsh weather, loggias are built in, and more often this architectural element is not used at all.

Riddles about the balcony

People have always loved to envelop objects around them with secrets and extraordinary properties. Of course, the loggias did not pass by their attention. Riddles about the balcony are very helpful in developing children's ingenuity and the ability to think logically, the ability to reproduce the image of an object according to words develops imagination. And such an element of the building is not so easy to guess, for this you have to think carefully. Let's give examples of several riddles, the clues for which will be the word "balcony".

I'm from home to the doorstep
Just one step took
The door closed behind my back
There is no way in front of me.

I'm at home and not at home
Between heaven and earth,
Guess, friends,
Where am I?

Not a house, but not a street either
High, but not scary.

Home is like home
One hundred pockets in it.
In every pocket -
Flower beds.

The riddle about the balcony can be invented by both adults and children. Give the kids a little thought and describe this building element, for sure from the existing descriptions you can put together a whole ballad. Such constructions have become so tightly incorporated into people's lives that even the classics could not do without them, it is worth remembering "Romeo and Juliet", the balcony can be called one of the acting characters of this world famous work.

The history of the appearance of French balconies can be called notable and interesting. In the Middle Ages, toilets did not exist in houses, so people had to correct their need using special dishes, and its contents were often simply poured out the windows of houses, right onto the pavement. Because of this, the smell of cities was simply unbearable, and passers-by were a lot of inconveniences. In Paris, a decree was issued prohibiting pouring out slop without shouting about it three times, a fine was provided for failure to comply with this law.

Even in the Louvre, the palace of French nobles and kings, in those days it was impossible to find a single toilet. Guests and courtiers had to either squat on the wide window sills, or demand a special vase. The use of windows was extremely inconvenient, so they began to make special windows to the floor, and so that the nobles did not fall out of them, they made a special barrier. Modern French balconies, of course, are not used for their original purpose, they serve as decoration of the facade and emphasize the unusualness of the interior, but the original name stuck with them.

Living in modern homes and using various items in everyday life, usually no one thinks about their origin, but everything has its own deep history. Much remains unchanged from its original image, and some objects have changed so much that it is difficult to even imagine what they were at the very beginning of their journey.

Every year we give children gifts with riddles - this is a whole quest, moving from one riddle to another, the child eventually finds a gift.

I came up with this myself when I was little Yaroslav. Then there were no names such as "quest". I just wanted to entertain the child, to surprise him. I took riddles about everyday things from a reading reader - a refrigerator, a wardrobe, shoes, a bathroom, laid out the notes there, and gave the first one to him. Delight was - not to describe!

And now this happens every year. I have already exhausted the fantasy of riddles. And this time she asked Yaroslav to find some puzzles for her brother.

Yaroslav tried his best and found such riddles that I did not even know. I spent an hour on the Internet :)

I share with you the finished design of the quest:

1. Give the first note to the child. We had it in the "hands" of the inflatable Mickey Mouse

2. The unit shivers,
There is a thaw, then a cold,
He is very glad to work,
And if you turn it off, it will sit in a puddle. ( Refrigerator)

3. There is a note in the refrigerator about cupboard

He stands in the corner against the wall.
Oh, he looks huge
But he is not punished at all.
Mom keeps things in it.

There is another note in the closet. Only you need to hide it somewhere in a conspicuous place, otherwise the closet is big, you can look for a note for a day

4. I am not a sea or a river,
I am not a lake, not a pond
But like morning or evening -
People all run to me. ( Bath)

Interestingly, I inserted the note into a vase with seashells on the mirror, it was directly visible. But the children were looking together and could not find! Apparently, the mirror has magical properties make objects invisible.

5. And one more puzzle needed to be solved in order to get to the coveted gift

Balcony

I tried to arrange the notes so that Gleb had to run from one part of the apartment to the opposite: from the nursery to the kitchen, again to the nursery, to the bathroom, to the balcony.

And then Gleb asked me: "Mom, how do you manage to sneak in so quietly and spread out all the notes that they didn't even wake me up?"

The answer suggests itself: "If you become a dad, you still can't do that" :)

Gift-quest - a way to give any gift in an original and fun way, turning it into an interesting, exciting game. Why such a name? In general, a quest is a type of game with various ciphers and riddles, which, along a chain, lead to the main prize. Main idea:the surprise is hiding in a secluded place, and the player is given a kind of message-riddle-indication with a hint where to look for the next note. Solving all the riddles leads the player to the place where the gift is. The easiest version of this entertainment is an indoor quest.

Ready scripts for the quest. Detailed information can be viewed by clicking on the picture of interest.

Training

So, your task is to make sure that the player finds a gift in the right place after solving a series of riddles or completing mini-tasks. For this you need:

Decide on a secluded place where you will hide the gift.
Make a chain of items in your house, which will lead to a hidden gift (the final point in it is the place where the gift will lie). You can hide task tips in a variety of places - from washing machine and ovens to the mailbox at the entrance. The chain must be carefully thought out so that on the way the objects do not intersect and lead to a gift ahead of time.
To come up with and beautifully design messages-riddles-instructions.
Lay out all the messages in their places. In order not to get confused, you can number them and draw up a layout scheme for yourself.

The optimal number of stages is from 6 to 10: large quantity can make the quest tiresome, and less can be too fleeting. But this, of course, is a general recommendation - perhaps you will end up with a wonderful quest consisting of 5 stages (if the tasks are difficult) or, conversely, of 15 stages.

The quest can be made even more enjoyable and exciting if there are several gifts along the way (let the tasks be accompanied, for example, by chocolates or small souvenirs).

Puzzles

Where can I get riddles? The easiest option is to find riddles on the Internet, but you can also compose them yourself, since they do not have to correspond to poetic canons at all. And if they contain humor or something individual, personal (for example, associated with some fun occasion), then it will certainly be very pleasant for the birthday boy! To make it easier for you, I offer to help you a selection of riddles for compiling a quest indoors:

Every day at six in the morning
I'm bursting: it's time to get up!
(Alarm clock)

Who walks the night and walks the day,
Not knowing what laziness is?
(Clock)

Open up your secrets
Ready for anyone
But you are from her
You won't hear a word!
(Book)

There is a leaf, there is a spine,
Although not a bush and not a flower.
She will lie on her knees,
He will tell you about everything.
(Book)

Not a bush, but with leaves,
Not a shirt, but sewn,
Not a man, but a story.
(Book)

She speaks silently
But understandable and not boring.
You talk to her more often -
You will become four times smarter!
(Book)

By the wall, big and important,
The house is multi-storey.
We are on the ground floor
All tenants have already been read.
(Bookcase)

There is a portrait in the room,
Similar to you in everything.
You will laugh - and in response
He'll laugh too.
(Mirror)

And shines and shines,
It does not flatter anyone,
And he will tell anyone the truth -
He will show him everything as it is!
(Mirror)

I look at everyone in silence
And everyone is looking at me.
The merry ones see the laughter
I cry with sadness.
(Mirror)

This eye is a special eye:
He will quickly look at you,
And will be born
The most accurate portrait of you!
(Camera)

What will this eye look at -
It will transfer everything to the picture.
(Camera)

In this little thing
A warm wind settled.
(Hair dryer)

Two abdomens, four ears.
(Pillow)

She will fluff her sides
Its four corners
And you, as night falls,
All the same it will draw to itself.
(Pillow)

I'm comfortable, very soft
It's not hard for you to guess -
People love me very much
Sit and lie down.
(Sofa)

There are hangers and shelves,
Like floors in the house
Trousers, blouses, t-shirts -
Everything is in order!
(Cupboard)

I really like to wander on carpets,
By soft sofas , in the dark corners.
I always find delicious dust there
And with pleasure I buzz loudly.
(Vacuum cleaner)

Although he often inhales dust -
Doesn't get sick, doesn't sneeze.
(Vacuum cleaner)

When I see dust, I grumble
Wrap and swallow!
(Vacuum cleaner)

I am sleepy in matter,
I stick my sharp nose everywhere.
Oh, and I am angry and hiss.
I really don't like crumpled ones!
(Iron)

Strokes everything that it touches
And if you touch it, it bites.
(Iron)

Lives without language
Doesn't eat or drink
And he speaks and sings.
(Radio, TV)

What a miracle, what a box?
Himself a singer and himself a storyteller,
And besides, at the same time
Demonstrates cinema.
(TV)

Unfold the sheet as soon as possible -
There you will see many lines
In the lines - the message of the whole world
What kind of sheet is this?
(Newspaper)

Not a house, but not a street either.
High, but not scary.
(Balcony, loggia)

He is at home and not at home,
Between heaven and earth.
Guess my friend
What did the rhyme encrypt?
(Balcony)

He supports the window
We put flowers on it.
(Windowsill)

We always walk together
Similar as brothers.
We are at lunch - under the table,
And at night - under the bed.
(Slippers)

I'm with legs, but I don't walk
I’m with a back, but I don’t lie,
You sit down - and I stand.
(Chair)

I look a little like a table,
Available in the kitchen and hallway.
I am rarely in the bedroom
And my name is ...
(Stool)

Protects bread
Does not give staleness.
For bread - a house
It is good for him in it.
(Bread box)

On the stove is the chief of the pans.
Thick, long-nosed ...
(Teapot)

Iron mouth
Grabbed a sandwich
Browned sides -
And bye!
(Toaster)

They stuffed her mouth with meat
And she chews it
Chews, chews and does not swallow -
He sends everything to the plate.
(Meat grinder)

And pancakes and omelet,
And potatoes for lunch
And pancakes - wow!
Fries everything ...
(Pan)

Fries meat, cooks soup,
He bakes pies.
She has both here and there
Very hot.
(Plate)

I have big belly,
It contains sausages, cheese, compote.
If you want to eat, don't be shy
Open up your belly soon!
(Refrigerator)

He's beautiful and cold
You won't be hungry with him!
Where it snows even in summer
Another hint is waiting for you!
(Refrigerator)

Admire, look -
North pole inside!
Snow and ice sparkle there
Winter itself lives there.
Forever us this winter
Brought from the store.
(Refrigerator)

Where delicious dinnerswhere family conversations are.
(Kitchen table)

A close relative of the broom,
The house will sweep the corners.
He's certainly not a bum,
The litter will help to remove ...
(Broom)

Do you want to find the answer sooner -
Look for a clue where there is a bright light!
(Chandelier, floor lamp, sconce, table lamp)

You will always find a clue
Where the water splashes noisily.
(Bathroom)

There's a box in the bathroom
It looks transparent and round.
I wonder when to look into the eye
Water bubbles in this box.
(Washer)

I am a relative of Moidodyr,
Turn me away
And cold water
I'll wash you quickly.
(Crane, a note is suspended from it)

There are many teeth, but he does not eat anything.
(Hairbrush)

In our house under the window
There is a hot accordion:
Doesn't sing or play -
She heats the house.
(Heating battery)

I'll let you into any house,
You knock - I'm glad to knock.
But one thing I will not forgive -
If you don’t give me your hand!
(A door)

There are both in the house and in the apartment,
Often more than four
And without them we cannot enter,
Always stand in the way!
(A door)

He meets everyone with one handle,
With the other handle he sees off.
Doesn't hurt anyone
But everyone is pushing her ...
(A door)

On the squares of the board
The kings brought the shelves together.
Not for battle at the regiments
No cartridges, no bayonets.
(Chess)

Look, the house is standing
Poured to the brim with water
No windows, but not gloomy,
Transparent on four sides
In this house, residents
All skillful swimmers.
(Aquarium)

Round, smooth like a watermelon
Color - any, for different tastes.
If you let go of the leash
Fly away behind the clouds.
(Balloon)

I'm in my school bag
I will tell you how you study.
A diary

Under New Year he came to the house
Such a rosy fat man
But every day he was losing weight
And finally disappeared completely.
(The calendar)

Roll up - a wedge
Expand - damn it.
(Umbrella)

He reveals himself,
He closes you.
Only the rain will pass -
Will do the opposite.
(Umbrella)

The house is made of tin, and the tenants in it - to lead.
(Mailbox)

It hangs in a prominent place
Swallows news all year round.
(Mailbox)

Variants of possible clues and places where they can be hidden, as well as interesting ideas on how to beat some objects

balloon with a message inside
stuffed toy with a note in its paws
instead of a riddle - a set of letters from which you need to make a word
drawing with a clue inside the candy
a plate with a cake with an attached sign "Eat me!", with a note under the treat
text file or picture (photo) with a tip on a USB flash drive
sMS message or letter by e-mail indicating what to do next
a hint in the camera - a photo taken in advance of the next item in your chain; the player needs to take a camera and view photos
a hint in the newspaper - the necessary word highlighted with a marker (circled with a pen) (or select letters in different articles, from which the player needs to form a word)
At one of the stages, the player finds objects or pictures that play an important role in some work (fairy tale) - the player must guess what kind of work it is and find a book with it. The book contains the next clue.
In a riddle, the key word may not be the word "picture" itself, but what is depicted on it. For example, in the picture there is a waterfall. Then, having guessed the riddle, the birthday man will think about what the word "waterfall" means: a tap in the bathroom, a shower, or something else. Then he will guess about the picture.
Compose a crossword puzzle (preferably on some interesting, suitable topic), in which the highlighted letters are the keywords of the place where the gift is hidden.
The player finds the message and sees the following: the sheet shows cellular telephone, from him there is an arrow to your pasted photo, from a photo of an arrow with the inscription "Code word", then again an arrow and some phrase (it is desirable that it be very funny). This hint offers to call you on the phone and tell you the password - in response you also say a phrase (for example, a rhyme or a proverb) in which the next hint is encrypted.
Take a picture of the room where you are going to hide the gift, then print the photo in A4 format. Then put it in a transparent file and put a cross on this file in the place where the surprise will lie. Then cut the photo into several parts. These will be "puzzles" that the birthday boy needs to collect. At the end point of the chain, put clear sheet A4 format, glue stick and a transparent file with a cross - the birthday person will need to glue the "puzzles" on a sheet of paper, put it in the file and see where the "treasure" lies.

As you can see, there are a lot of options. When preparing a quest, you can use these examples or give free rein to your imagination and come up with something original. The main thing is to put love during cooking, and the return will surely delight you!

Beginning of the game

A message with a description of the game and the first riddle can be:

Give the birthday person in person
Send as sms message
Place in a prominent place or attach to the wall
Transfer through friends or neighbors, using courier service - it all depends on your imagination and your capabilities

Approximate text of the message:

"Happy Birthday! A gift has been prepared for you, but it is safely hidden. Complete all tasks, and then you will find him. Good luck! "

And then you watch how the player with excitement unravels your messages and finds a gift. Alternatively, you can involve friends in the participation, and then the adventure will turn into the most real holiday for all. In any case, such a surprise will surely please the birthday man, and the memory of this wonderful adventure will warm him for a long time!

An example scenario of a quest game in an apartment for a husband (beloved man)

(let's say you decide to hide a gift in the microwave)

Morning. Your other half enters the bathroom and sees a beautiful message attached to the wall, in which you wish him a happy birthday.

At the bottom it says:

P.S. Take a look at the washing machine!

At this moment, you join your loved one and watch the search for a surprise.

IN washing machine husband finds a message:

“I have prepared a present for you, but I will not present it. I propose to participate in the quest game and find my surprise yourself!

Kohl for all my riddles
Can you find the answer
Then you will receive a gift
Rather, you will find it yourself! "

Immediately written Riddle number 1:

He's beautiful and cold
You won't be hungry with him!
(Refrigerator)

Riddle number 2

In the refrigerator there is a plate with a cake, to which a sign "Eat me!" Is attached, and at the bottom of the plate, under the cake, there is an image of a flash drive.

Riddle number 3

The flash drive contains a pre-created text file with the name "Happy Birthday!", And there is the following riddle hint:

With one handle - meets everyone,
With the other handle he sees off.
Doesn't hurt anyone
But everyone is pushing her ...
(A door)

Riddle number 4

On one of the doors is a small note, rolled up into a tube:

The house is made of tin, and the tenants in it - to lead.
(Mailbox)

Riddle number 5

In the mailbox there is a "letter" - an envelope with a new riddle:

He is at home - and not at home,
Between heaven and earth.
Guess my friend
What did the rhyme encrypt?
(Balcony)

Riddle number 6

On the balcony is the following note:

I'm with legs, but I don't walk
I’m with a back, but I don’t lie,
You sit down - and I stand.
(Chair)

Riddle number 7

A sticker with a riddle is glued under the seat of the chair:

Open the sheet as soon as possible -
There you will see many lines
In the lines - the messages of the whole world
What kind of sheet is this?
(Newspaper)

Riddle number 8

Newspaper tooltip - highlighted (with a pen) word tV (or select letters in different articles from which you need to make this word)

Riddle number 9

FROM back side there is a sticker on the TV with a riddle:

What will this eye look at -
It will give all the picture.
(Camera)

This will be the final riddle. The birthday boy's task is to guess what to do next. The fact is that he needs to look through the photographs and find among them the image of the microwave oven (you need to prepare in advance - take a close-up photo of the oven). The beloved will find your gift in it!

If you want to please the birthday boy with more interesting and intricate tasks or you do not have the time and opportunity to find good ideas and decorate everything beautifully, I bring to your attention. By the titles of the articles, you can find a suitable scenario for a quest game for any age.

You may also be interested in:

The functionality and convenience of balconies were quickly appreciated, and therefore they soon began to appear on the facades of residential buildings and public buildings. All sides of the building, as before, remained tightly closed, and heavy forms began to be replaced by lighter ones, because, being on the facade of the building, they served as its decoration. With the advent of the Gothic era, a new type of balconies emerged in the form of a cathedral pulpit. They had a semicircular configuration, and overlap masonry was laid out under the floor. The facades of houses and the interior decoration of the premises were decorated with such chairs.

In Russia, these architectural elements appeared quite late, and they could only be found on the facades of the royal palaces. During the Baroque era, the Catherine Palace was decorated big amount such structures, it was a special charm of those times, he emphasized the pomp of the building. At the end of the 19th century, balconies began to be widely used in the construction of apartment buildings. The use of concrete and metal makes it possible to build more balconies into the facades of city houses, this is becoming not too expensive a pleasure and a privilege not only of kings.

The origin of the word "balcony"

Modern balconies

Nowadays, a balcony is not only an opportunity to enjoy the surrounding landscape and fresh air , but also the prospect of expanding living space. Therefore, glazed loggias have gained wide popularity, in which you can arrange a storage room, an additional room, and a greenhouse for flowers.

The protruding rooms of modern houses can be divided into four main types:

- platform protruding from the wall, with fences and railings;
Veranda- differs from the usual balcony in large dimensions, obligatory covering on top and support in the form of columns;
Loggia- a structure deepened into the facade of the building, having only one side;
- an opening in the wall, fenced from the street side, it does not have an exit area.

In different countries, a certain shape of the balcony usually prevails, it depends on climatic conditions country. In countries with sultry and hot climates, covered verandas and terraces are common, hiding from the scorching rays of the sun. Where the climate is more moderate, open structures and verandas are used large areas ... In countries with cold and harsh weather, loggias are built in, and more often this architectural element is not used at all.

Riddles about the balcony

I'm from home to the doorstep
Just one step took
The door closed behind my back
There is no way in front of me.

I'm at home and not at home
Between heaven and earth,
Guess, friends,
Where am I?

Not a house, but not a street either
High, but not scary.

Home is like home
One hundred pockets in it.
In every pocket -
Flower beds.

The history of its appearance can be called remarkable and interesting. In the Middle Ages, toilets did not exist in houses, so people had to correct their need using special dishes, and its contents were often simply poured out the windows of houses, right onto the pavement. Because of this, the smell of cities was simply unbearable, and passers-by were a lot of inconveniences. In Paris, a decree was issued prohibiting pouring out slop without shouting about it three times, a fine was provided for failure to comply with this law.

Living in modern homes and using various items in everyday life , usually no one thinks about their origin, but everything has its own deep history. Much remains unchanged from its original image, and some objects have changed so much that it is difficult to even imagine what they were at the very beginning of their journey.

Home quest - a way to give any gift in an original and fun way, turning it into an interesting, exciting game. Why such a name? In general, a quest is a type of game with various ciphers and riddles, which, along a chain, lead to the main prize.

Main idea:the surprise is hiding in a secluded place, and the player is given a kind of message-riddle-indication with a hint where to look for the next note. Solving all the riddles leads the player to the place where the gift is. The easiest version of this entertainment is an indoor quest.

Ready scripts for the quest. Detailed information can be viewed by clicking on the picture of interest.

Original birthday greetings - an exciting adventure with the search for a hidden gift using notes

Training

So, your task is to make sure that the player finds a gift in the right place after solving a series of riddles or completing mini-tasks. For this you need:

Decide on a secluded place where you will hide the gift.
Make a chain of items in your house, which will lead to a hidden gift (the final point in it is the place where the gift will lie). Task tips can be hidden in a variety of places - from the washing machine and oven to the mailbox in the entrance. The chain must be carefully thought out so that objects do not intersect on the way and do not lead to a gift ahead of time.
To come up with and beautifully design messages-riddles-instructions.
Lay out all the messages in their places. In order not to get confused, you can number them and draw up a layout scheme for yourself.

The optimal number of stages is from 6 to 10: more can make the quest tiresome, and fewer - too fleeting. But this, of course, is a general recommendation - perhaps you will end up with a wonderful quest consisting of 5 stages (if the tasks are difficult) or, conversely, of 15 stages.

The quest can be made even more enjoyable and exciting if there are several gifts along the way (let the tasks be accompanied, for example, by chocolates or small souvenirs).

Puzzles

Where can I get riddles? The easiest option is to find riddles on the Internet, but you can also compose them yourself, since they do not have to correspond to poetic canons at all. And if they contain humor or something individual, personal (for example, associated with some fun occasion), then it will certainly be very pleasant for the birthday boy! To make it easier for you, we offer to help you a selection of riddles for compiling a quest indoors: