Alena Mayer
When I took my exams (for an assistant teacher in Germany)i had to spend with the children some finger game... I speak German not bad but I had a problem memorizing poetry (I don't really like to teach them in Russian)so I found the simplest one. Easy to remember and very interesting in my opinion. I made several variants of gloves for the game. This is how it sounds a game in German can be useful to anyone.
Das ist der Daumen, der sagt: "Ich bin wei wie Schnee!" (It's a thumb and he says I'm white as snow)
Das ist der Zeigefinger, der sagt: "Ich bin grn wie Klee!" (This is the index finger and he says I'm green as a clover)
Das ist der Mittelfinger, der sagt: "Ich kann blau wie der Himmel sein!" (This is the middle finger and he says - I can be like blue sky)
Das ist der Ringfinger der sagt: "Ich bin gelb wie der Sonnenschein!" (This is the ring finger and he says I'm yellow as a solar circle)
Das ist der kleine Finger, der sagt: "Ich bin rot wie Mama" s Mund! " finger and he says - I'm red like mom's lips)
Alle Finger sagen: "Wir sind kunterbunt!" fingers together they say-we are all multicolored)
I really wanted to spend with my children finger game in Russian using these gloves. I didn't find anything on the Internet. With books for educators in Russian, we are not very good here. You can of course order by mail, but you can't look into the contents of the book until you order it, and then you can't send it back. Maybe you have such a game... I will be very grateful
She showed all the options on the exam. German teachers were bullied by such material. Yes, and that I did it myself, they are also very appreciated. Of course she got the best mark.
The exam was fingertips and then I decided to sew them to the glove without fingers... Children immediately learn to put on gloves too.
Related publications:
"Carnival of Flowers" is an educational game in the preparatory group. Purpose: to expand and deepen the knowledge of children about the flora, develop creativity and interest in wildlife. Is carried out as.
Variants of didactic games for the development of finger movements. I use it in work with children with disabilities. If you offer a kindergarten in a mass group.
Game for the development of fine motor skills of the fingers "Who will reach the middle first" Game: "Who will reach the middle first." Purpose: development of fine motor skills of the fingers. Equipment: Two short round sticks are taken.
Game for the development of fine motor skills of fingers "Clasps". This game brings children a lot of joy, pleasure, as well as the skill of self-service (unbuttoning and fastening buttons. Teach children.
FAVORITE SAINT PETERSBURG. THE HISTORY OF THE NAME OF THE CITY. Slide 2. Guys, help Lyovka Petrusha to guess riddles: It is given to you, and people use it ?.
Finger game for preschool children "Castle" A very interesting and useful game for children "Castle". I play this finger game with children several times a day. Children do it willingly. Mine.
Finger game "I'll tell you about a cat" The teacher reads the verse: Substitute your palm, Children stretch their hand forward, palm up. I'll tell you about the cat. Stroke the palm with the other hand.
Fans of detective series know very well that any investigation begins with the study of fingerprints at the crime scene. And this is true, because fingerprinting - the study of unique patterns on the tips of human fingers - has been the cornerstone of forensic science for almost a century and a half.
The history of the development of fingerprinting and dermatoglyphics. Interesting Fingerprint Facts
This science was born, as usual, quite by accident. In 1879, Scottish physician Henry Folds examined prehistoric pottery shards imported from Japan. For some reason, his attention was attracted by the fingerprints left when the clay was still wet. And then it dawned on Folds:
"The pattern on the fingers does not change throughout life, which means it can serve for identification better than photography."
The Scottish doctor's idea was picked up and developed by the English psychologist and anthropologist Francis Galton.
Nature has endowed the fingertips with unique and inimitable patterns. Scientists somehow calculated: if you take prints from all ten fingers of one person, then the chance that two of them coincide is equal to the proportion of 1 in 64 billion. What can we say about patterns from the fingers of different people?
I must say that fingerprinting could not take root among criminologists for a long time. Skeptics argued that lines on the fingers are an unreliable sign, changing over time. And in order to check whether the pattern on the skin changes, many years of observation were needed.
Criminal without fingerprints
Helped fingerprinting, as in the proverb, a case. In 1934, during a joint operation of the Chicago police and the FBI during the arrest, the famous American gangster Clutas was shot dead. Even then, the US police had a good rule - to fingerprint even a dead criminal in order to accurately determine his identity. The gunman who was shot had no fingerprints ... it was not, his skin did not contain papillary patterns. The experts were simply desperate. But FBI Director Edgar Hoover didn't get his salary for nothing. At his direction, federal agents literally covered all the doctors and found a surgeon who operated on Klutas by removing the skin from his fingertips. Ganster hoped that such an operation would enable him to carry out his dark deeds with impunity. But it was not there.
It turned out that after plastic surgery, the papillary lines are restored again, and they retain their previous, individual pattern. On the young skin of the dead man's fingers they could now distinguish the old, already outlined lines.
Criminal thought soon found an antidote to fingerprinting - ordinary gloves. But thieves and robbers did not know that gloves can leave a trace ... In December 1964, an alarm signal was sent to the operational communications console of the Leningrad GUVD: a thief in the halls of the State Hermitage! The policemen who arrived at the scene discovered that two paintings had been stolen, one of which belonged to Karl Bryulov, the author of the famous "The Last Day of Pompeii". Forensic experts examined literally every square inch of the crime scene. They found no fingerprints, but they found a very clear mark from a glove in one of the windows. During a search, the alleged criminal found exactly those ill-fated gloves, which served as the main evidence. Apparently, it was bad in the USSR with haberdashery items ...
Now a fingerprint card is the main and most reliable portrait of a person who dares to break the law. Handwriting analysis, verbal portrait, photos and videos, and even DNA analysis can fail. But a unique pattern on the skin will never deceive and betray a criminal, as they say, with fingers.
But the study of fingerprints is not only suitable for catching criminal elements. The papillary drawings on the palms can be used to diagnose many diseases acquired by a person by inheritance. Russian scientists argue that a thorough study of the patterns on the skin of the palms will easily determine the moral and volitional qualities of a person and even tell in what profession he will be successful.
Dermatoglyphics - the science of patterns on the palms and feet of a person, broader than fingerprinting - claims that patterns on the tips of the fingers appear in the womb, in the third month of development.
At the same time, the nervous and endocrine systems were formed, therefore, specialists from Moscow State University suggested that papillary patterns clearly show the speed of reaction, quick thinking, the ability to be a leader in society.
To finally test their hypothesis, scientists turned to the All-Russian Research Institute of Physical Culture and Sports, to the laboratory where higher sports are studied. Along with the weight, height and volume of muscle mass, biologists this time also studied the drawings on the fingertips. As a result, it turned out that there is a direct connection between athletic performance and papillary patterns.
But maybe this connection is typical only for sports people? It turned out that all ordinary people have it. Once the officers of the Ministry of Internal Affairs brought the fingerprint cards of a gang of criminals to the researchers, and after a short study, the experts determined who was "on the watch" and who was the leader. You should have seen the faces of the militiamen, amazed at the precise conclusions.
The technology for determining the business and psychological qualities of a person by papillary patterns has existed for several years. It is very difficult, but for HR officers it is a godsend! An experienced specialist with the help of fingerprints can very accurately discern in a person a good engineer or a wonderful translator.
How does he do it? In total, there are 39 main types of patterns, which are divided into 4 groups: arcs, loops, curls and S-shaped patterns. All ten prints are important for a specialist, it is even important which finger the pattern is on. For example, a loop means that a person is a leader with an explosive character, touch such, it will flash like a match. The presence of curls and s-patterns on the fingers suggests that a person will turn out to be a good substitute, the so-called gray eminence, able to lead from behind an explosive boss.
The head of one of the recruiting companies claims that dermatoglyph recruiting is more than 80 percent accurate, so don't be surprised if a prospective employer asks you to show the palms of your hands instead of a work book.
Here are some wonderful rhymes we found for you to learn the names of fingers with children. Children usually have very good memories. In the process of knowing the world, memory is very necessary in order to keep everything and not miss anything. Children remember only what is meaningful to them, what caused emotions, or what is presented in the images. Thus, in order to learn the names of the fingers with the child, simply naming them will not be enough. The child, even if he remembers them, will not be long. But if you imagine that each finger is a boy who is doing something, in a hurry somewhere, wants something, then remembering their names will be much easier! We offer you some simply wonderful poems about our fingers! We are sure that not only your children or grandchildren will like them, but also you!
I was counting on my fingers
And she laughed terribly:
Are these fingers?
They're just boys!
Here's a BIG - a big weirdo!
Likes to brag just like that.
How are you? - ask him.
He will jump up, shout: - In!
POINTER will beckon,
It will threaten, show the way,
And then it gets stuck in the nose:
Somewhere we need to rest!
THE MIDDLE finger is an angry boy.
Click on the forehead - immediately a bump,
Click on the ball - the ball will burst,
Clap - and a mosquito faints.
A NAMELESS until dark
Selects names:
Thumb-boy? Fantomas?
Everything has already happened a thousand times!
The sun has set, it's time to sleep
I'd better choose in the morning ...
And the little finger is my favorite!
I will take him to the menagerie
I'll buy an Eskimo for him -
I love very little ones ..
The finger is thick and large
I went into the forest for plums.
Indicative from the threshold
Showed him the way.
The middle finger is the most accurate
he removes plums from a branch.
The nameless ate
And the little finger is the master
He threw bones into the ground.
Come on, brother Fedya!
Let's go wake up the neighbors!
Hello Bolshak!
Hello Pointer!
Hello Seryodka!
Hello Orphan!
And you, Mitroshka,
Though a little bit small.
Irreplaceable first finger
Holds a spoon and a glass.
He is one of five,
And it's called big!
Our second finger
The index name is:
They will point them to the ball
Then they will press the button!
Third from the left, third from the right,
The longest is the middle finger!
It is possible with a thumb
Learn to click them!
The fourth finger is anonymous:
For newlyweds - the most important thing.
They don't call him in any way -
But they are crowned with rings!
The fifth finger is our favorite
And his name is little finger:
He will reconcile everyone and make friends,
Gloriously serve you and me!
This finger is the biggest
Most hilarious and funniest.
This finger is an index finger,
He is serious and considerate.
This finger is middle
He is neither the first nor the last.
This finger is nameless
He doesn't like semolina porridge.
The smallest is the little finger
Likes to run to the store.
* * *
In girls and boys
There are five fingers on the hand:
A big finger is a guy with a soul,
The index finger is the powerful gentleman,
The middle finger is also not the last.
Ring finger - with a ring, a swagger walks,
The fifth, the little finger, brought you a present.
Little pinky
crying, crying, crying,
The nameless will not understand
what does it all mean,
Middle finger -
very important,
does not want to listen.
The index asked:
"Maybe you want to eat?"
And the big one runs to the kitchen,
drags porridge with a spoon,
says: “Don't cry,
on, eat a little! "
Forensic value of handprints
In terms of their forensic value, human fingerprints occupy the first place in the group of traces-displays, which is explained not only by the frequency of their detection at the scene of the incident, but also by the fact that with their help it is possible to find and expose the criminal in a shorter way. This possibility is due to the structure of the skin on the fingers and the special properties of the papillary patterns present on the terminal phalanges of the fingers.
Traces of fingers, parts of the palm or the entire hand, found during the inspection of the scene of the incident, depending on their completeness and clarity, make it possible:
- identify a person by displaying papillary lines;
- to limit the circle of suspects in case of an obvious discrepancy in the general structure of the papillary pattern of the hands of persons who were previously present at the scene of the incident or touching objects on which traces were found, and highlight the trail left by the criminal;
- to establish the features of the hand that left a mark (absence of fingers, deformity of the hand, the presence of scars and other damage to the surface of the hand);
- approximately determine the age of the person who left the mark;
- approximately determine the sex and height of a person by the size of the parts of the hand;
- based on the analysis of the location of handprints, including those that do not contain a clear display of papillary lines, determine some elements of the mechanism for committing a crime (how the offender touched any objects, how he held a weapon, etc.).
General information about the structure of the palmar surface of the hand
The scientific substantiation of human identification by hand traces is directly related to the anatomical features of the structure of the human skin.
The human skin includes three main layers: upper - epidermis (from Greek epi - over, over; derma - leather); dermis (skin itself) and subcutaneous fatty tissue (Fig. 1). Skin epidermis on the outside it is a layer of dead, keratinized cells, which are constantly peeled off in the form of scales, separated and replaced by new ones. The epidermis provides elasticity, firmness and rapid recovery of the surface layer of the skin in case of damage. Dermis of the skin has two layers: reticular and papillary. The first consists of dense tissue, the second layer is composed of elevations (papillae) of various shapes and sizes or papillae (from Latin papilla - nipple). The papillae are arranged in pairs in the form of linear rows, alternating with grooves deeper than the interpapillary depressions. The epidermis accurately copies the relief of the papillary layer of the dermis, forming lines in the form of roller-like protrusions separated by grooves (papillary lines). The papillary lines are separated from one another by grooves (depressions). Located in the form of streams, papillary lines and grooves form patterns of various shapes and complexity, called papillary patterns.
Fig. 1. The structure of human skin
On the crests of the papillary lines between the papillae there are funnel-shaped ducts of the sweat glands - pores. On the papillary line, about one centimeter long, there are from 9 to 18 pores. The sweat substance that penetrates through the pores onto the surface of the skin, when in contact with various surfaces (trace-receptive), forms sweat marks of papillary patterns.
The papillary patterns of the hands have a number of properties that make it possible to successfully use them for solving identification problems in the process of solving and investigating crimes. The main ones include such properties as individuality, relative immutability and recoverability, the ability to be imprinted on objects, the ability to classify papillary patterns that allow a particular person to be identified by the traces of his hands. The presence of these properties is explained by the fact that, having finally formed in a three-month-old embryo, papillary patterns do not change, as a rule, until the death of a person. Only some diseases (tertiary syphilis, scleroderma, etc.), as well as severe burns and cuts (depending on the depth of damage) can lead to irreversible changes or destruction of papillary patterns. However, the resulting scars and scars, which are damage to the skin in the form of protrusions and depressions of various depths and configurations, in turn are individualizing signs that are used to identify a person.
In the practice of investigating crimes, there were cases when criminals tried to surgically remove papillary patterns with part of the skin of the nail phalanges of the fingers, however, papillary patterns, as a rule, were restored. Removing a deeper layer of skin may not restore these patterns, but their absence will be a sign that, together with other facts and circumstances, can help in identifying the offender.
Individuality determines the uniqueness of the handprints of a particular person. Even in identical twins, the set of details in the structure of skin patterns is never repeated. Over the last hundred years in world practice, not a single case of coincidence of skin patterns in different people has been identified. Moreover, the small features of the papillary patterns together create combinations - a macrostructure that is unique even on different fingers of the same person. Therefore, when identifying, criminologists actively use not only the macrostructure of the papillary pattern, but also the microstructure, which is expressed in the structural features of the papillary lines (edgescopy) and pores (poroscopy).
Another property of the skin of the fingers and palms of the hands is the ability to be imprinted on those objects that have been touched by human hands. Moreover, the formation of prints occurs regardless of the desire and will of a person, which is due to the physiological properties of the skin - the fact that the surface of the skin is always covered with sweat and fat. Passing when touching an object, they form prints on it that copy papillary patterns.
In addition to morphological information due to the structural features of the skin of the palmar surface, in the traces of a person's hands, no less important information about a person who left a mark is displayed, the material carrier of which is the sweat substance.
Types and types of papillary patterns
Most often in investigative practice, handprints are found in the form of traces of various areas of the skin relief of the fingers and palms of the hands. In traceology, a special branch of forensic science, called fingerprinting (from the Greek. daktylos - finger and skopeo - look), which literally means "finger gazing".
In fingerprinting, a separate section is allocated that studies the marks of the palms of a person's hands, called palmoscopy (from lat. palma - palm and Greek. skopeo - look).
The ability to classify papillary patterns served as the basis for theoretical and practical developments that are successfully used in the fight against crime.
Most of the papillary patterns on the nail phalanges of the fingers consist of three streams of lines. One is in the center of the pattern and forms the inner pattern (center). The other two streams are - upper (outdoor) and lower (basic) - bend around the inner pattern from above and below (Fig. 2). The section of the pattern where these flows converge resembles the letter "delta" from the Greek alphabet, as a result of which this section of the pattern was named delta. Depending on the number of streams of papillary lines, the shape of the internal pattern according to the classification system adopted in Russia papillary patterns of the fingers are divided into three types: arc, loop and curl with an additional division of each type into types in accordance with the peculiarities of the structure of the pattern.
Fig. 2. The structure of the papillary pattern: 1 - base flow; 2 - external flow; 3 - internal (central) flow; 4 - delta
Arc patterns the most simple in their structure and frequency of occurrence - about 5%. They consist of no more than two streams of papillary lines, which originate at one lateral edge of the finger and go to the other, forming arcuate figures in the middle of the pattern that bend towards the upper stream. In arc patterns, there is no inner pattern and delta. Among them, the following types are distinguished: simple, hipped and pyramidal (Fig. 3).
Fig. 3. Types of arc patterns: a) simple; 6) pyramidal; c) tent
Loop patterns occur in about 60% of cases. They are formed from at least three streams of lines. The central pattern consists of one or more loops, the lines of which begin at the edge of the pattern and, going up, return to the same edge. The hinge has a head, legs and an open part. Depending on the shape and number of loops, the relative position of the beginning and end of their legs, loop patterns are subdivided into simple, curved and closed (racket loops) (Fig. 4).
The direction of the legs of the loops is the basis for distinguishing among the loop patterns ulnar (the legs of the loops are directed towards the little finger) and radial (the legs of the loops are directed towards the thumb).
Curl patterns are diverse in structure, but are somewhat less common than loopbacks, in about 30% of cases. Their internal pattern can be formed by papillary lines in the form of ovals, circles, spirals, loops, or their combination. A characteristic feature of the curl pattern is the presence of at least two deltas, one of which is located to the left and the other to the right of the inner part of the pattern. Among this variety, the following main types of curl patterns can be distinguished: simple, spiral and snail loop (Fig. 5).
Fig. 4. Types of loop patterns: a) simple; b) curved; c) closed
Fig. 5. Types of curl patterns: a) simple; b) snail loop; c) spiral
In some classifications, other types of curling patterns are also distinguished, for example, circular, loop-spiral, loop-tangle, complex, incomplete, etc., and among loop patterns - half, parallel and opposite.
In addition, there are papillary patterns of the nail phalanges of the fingers, which cannot be attributed to any of the three classification groups, the so-called transitional patterns - false (false loop and false curl).
Identification signs structures of papillary patterns are usually subdivided into general and particular. To common features
include: type and type of papillary pattern; direction and steepness of streams of papillary lines; the structure of the central pattern of the pattern; delta structure; the number of papillary lines between the center and the delta; the relative position of deltas, etc.
Particular features (Fig. 6) include details of papillary patterns (beginning and end, fusion and branching of papillary lines, islet (eye), bridge, hook, fragment, point, thin papillary line, opposite position of papillary lines) and papillary lines (breaks , kinks, bends, thickenings, configuration of the edges of papillary lines).
Fig. 6. Particular signs of papillary patterns: 1 - the beginning of the line; 2 - pores; 3 - branching of lines; 4 - bend; 5 - bridge; 6 - opposite line; 7 - peephole; 8 - merging lines; 9 - interpapillary lines (scallops); 10 - short line; 11 - end of the line; 12 - hook; 13 - island; 14 - line break; 15 - line thickening
As for the skin relief of the palmar surface, it consists of papillary lines, skin folds, interphalangeal folds (on the fingers) and flexor lines (on the palm).
On the palmar surface, two main areas are distinguished, the papillary patterns of which differ from each other in the direction, the steepness of the streams of the papillary lines and the shape of the patterns they form: thenar - the area around the base of the thumb; hypotenar - the area opposite the little finger at the outer edge of the palm (Fig. 7).
Fig. 7. The structure of the human hand
Types of handprints
Handprints, depending on the mechanism of formation, can be voluminous and superficial, colored and colorless, hardly visible and invisible. Volumetric traces are formed as a result of hand contact with a plastic surface (on oil, fresh paint, plasticine, icy surfaces, etc.). Surface traces are formed on hard surfaces due to delamination or layering of a trace-forming substance. Peeling marks are formed as a result of the adhesion of particles of the trace carrier to the hands, layering traces - as a result of adhesion to the trace-perceiving surface of particles of a substance on the hands (perspiration, ink, blood, paint, etc.). Surface marks can be colorless, resulting from layering on the trace-perceiving surface of a colorless sweat substance, and paintedformed by hands covered with blood, ink, liquid paint, etc. Subtle handprints are formed on smooth non-porous surfaces (glass; objects covered with varnish, enamel; plastic, etc.), invisible - occur on porous surfaces (paper, cardboard, plywood, untreated wood, etc.).
Investigator's work with handprints
Detection of handprints. In a residential or other room, all surfaces that could be touched by criminals should be examined, especially even, smooth surfaces (glass, polished, etc.). First of all, you need to inspect door handles, cabinet doors, dishes and cutlery that could be used by criminals, electrical switches (if the crime was committed in the dark), as well as objects left at the scene (crime instruments, hairbrush, etc.) ... One should not lose sight of the possibility of detecting more than just sweat. but also stained prints left by, for example, a bloody hand. To detect handprints in the passenger compartment, you should examine the inner and outer door handles, door and glass surfaces, gear lever knob, interior metal parts, rear-view mirror, etc. The possibility of detecting volumetric handprints on any plastic material is not excluded. It is possible to detect sweaty fingerprints on the skin of corpses and some types of clothing fabrics. In a state suitable for identification, these traces remain on the densest fabrics. Invisible handprints are often found on various objects made of paper with a sufficiently dense surface layer (gluing).
There is a possibility of detecting during inspection not only traces of open palms and fingers, but also glovesused by criminals to avoid leaving prints of papillary patterns. Their most pronounced marks are formed on smooth surfaces such as glass. Leather and cotton gloves can leave marks due to the fact that when they are used, they are gradually covered with dirt and grease. A certain amount of fat is initially contained in the very material of the gloves. On the surface of many gloves, there are characteristic signs in the form of damage, wrinkles, seams, pores, and a pattern of weaving threads.
Modern methods for detecting honey at the objects under study can be divided into three main groups: visual, physical and chemical. The choice of the method is carried out taking into account the physical properties of the substance forming the trace, the time of its occurrence, as well as the nature (structure, color) of the surface by the objects of the single carrier.
TO visual methods for detecting handprints include: inspection of objects with the "naked eye" or with the help of optical magnification devices (magnifier, microscope), as well as lighting. At the same time, volumetric and superficial hand marks formed by sweat or coloring matter and located on smooth surfaces are revealed. This method is based on the difference in reflectivity between the surface of the trace object and the trace itself.
Transparent objects are viewed through the light, when the beam is directed directly into the eye of the observer or somewhat to the side and at the same time the position of the object itself is changed. All objects (transparent and opaque) are viewed in different lighting conditions, successively changing the angle of incidence of the rays to the smallest (oblique light). In this case, an opaque background is installed behind transparent objects.
Physical methods for detecting traces of papillary patterns are based on the ability of the trace substance to retain particles of other substances that have penetrated into it, without entering into a chemical reaction with them, as well as the possibility of its own luminescence. Such methods include: processing (pollination) with fingerprint powders (magnetic, non-magnetic, luminescent); fumigation with iodine vapor; treatment with cyanoacrylate vapors; excitation of the luminescence of the substance of the putative trace using optical quantum generators (lasers).
In some cases, it is advisable to use sources of ultraviolet and infrared rays - an ultraviolet illuminator and an electro-optical converter to detect traces of sweat. This method is used to detect traces that have passed a long time since their formation, as well as invisible traces on multi-colored objects.
To identify traces of papillary patterns iodine vapor an iodine tube is used (Fig. 8). To stain the sweat trail with iodine vapor, a glass tube, in which iodine crystals are placed, is clamped in the hand. Under the influence of body temperature, iodine sublimes and its vapors are pushed out of the tube with a rubber bulb. Penetrating into the substance of the trace, the smallest crystals of iodine paint it brown. Since this color disappears after a while, the revealed traces should be fixed in one of the following ways: iron powder reduced by hydrogen, starch solution.
In investigative practice, a physical method of identifying and fixing handprints is also used, such as pollination with fingerprint powders: non-magnetic (zinc oxide, lead oxide, copper oxide, soot, graphite, manganese peroxide, etc., as well as their mixtures - universal white, universal black, a mixture of copper oxide with soot, etc.); magnetic ("Topaz", "Ruby", "Malachite", "Agat", "Sapphire", "Opal", etc.); fluorescent (rhodamine, zinc sulfide, anthracene, chrysanum, etc.).
Fig. 8. Iodine tube: 1 - spray pear; 2 - connecting hose; 3 - inlet valve; 4 - glass wool; 5 - iodine crystals; 6 - outlet valve; 7 - tube nozzle
Powders are applied to the surface of the test object as follows: by pouring and rolling the powder over the surface to be treated; using a fingerprint brush (flute or magnetic) (Fig. 9); with the help of spray guns, aerosols and other sprays.
Chemical methods detection of handprints is used, as a rule, in expert practice and allows to identify traces of a long time ago. These methods are based on a chemical reaction between the components of the trail sweat and special chemicals.
Fixation of handprints. The revealed traces of papillary patterns can be fixed in the following ways: photographing, measuring dimensions, making scale diagrams or drawings, describing the investigative action in the protocol.
Fig. 9. Magnetic brush: 1 - magnetic rod (rod); 2 - plastic cap; 3 - plastic case; 4 - spring; 5 - stem head
All traces are described in the protocol and in the sequence in which they were found. In this case, it is indicated: on which object the trace was found; characteristics of the subject; the location of the track on the subject; track size; track type; type of papillary pattern; the color of the trace, if it was colored; method of detection, fixation and withdrawal.
Removal of traces of hands. Found and recorded traces can be removed by the investigator in the following ways:
- with a carrier trace or part of it (if possible);
- copying surface traces onto a special film (fingerprint tape or adhesive tape on a polyethylene base (like "Scotch");
- making casts from volumetric handprints using various impression materials and compounds (gypsum, silicone pastes "K", "U-1", "KLT-ZO"; low molecular weight rubbers "SKTN", "SKTN-1"; impression masses "VGO "," VGO-4 "; tracking compositions" Copy-1 "," Copy-2 ", etc.);
- direct fixing of marks on objects by physical or chemical methods, as well as covering them with a protective film or glass.
Preliminary examination of handprints. Approximate determination of age. From the prints of the palms and nail phalanges of the fingers, you can get an approximate idea of \u200b\u200bthe age of the person who left the mark. Imprints of flexor folds of the palm (transverse and longitudinal) in persons under the age of 25 are weakly expressed and relatively short (they do not significantly reach the edges of the palm); in persons over 25 years old, but under 60, they have an average length, slightly not reaching the edges of the palm, and in people over 60 they reach these edges. In the prints of the elderly and old people, there are many displays of small grooves, folds, wrinkles, white lines (gaps). The line displays of their papillary patterns are less distinct and have a significant number of breaks. The number of papillary lines per unit length depends on age. For a segment of a line with a length of 0.5 cm, in relation to persons of different age groups, there are: 12-13 lines - persons 8-12 years old; 10-12 lines - teenagers; 9-10 lines - adults. This does not apply to very fat people who have 7-8 lines on a 0.5 cm segment.
The palm mark can be of orientation value for assumptions about the social environment that formed the person who left this trail. The palm of a representative of physical labor, especially one who has been engaged in it since childhood, is, as a rule, wider, square in shape in comparison with the narrower, rectangular or oval palm characteristic of many intellectuals.
Establishing the features of the hand that left the mark. Any anomalies displayed in the handprints have a certain search value. This is, for example, the elevation of the index finger above the ring finger, unusual length, curvature, thickening in the joints, fusion of some fingers, calluses, scars, scars, complete or partial absence of papillary lines of the nail phalanges, which may be the result of their deliberate destruction.
An approximate determination of the height and sex of a person. For this, special tables are used, using which you can establish the approximate height or gender of a person by the length and width of the palm or by the length and width of various fingers.
Expert examination of handprints
Traces of papillary patterns of hands are sent for examination together with the object or part of it, on a special film, in the form of casts of volumetric traces or photographs placed in photo tables (annex to the protocol of inspection of the scene of the incident, to the primary opinion of the expert).
As a comparative material, experimental prints of papillary patterns of hands are presented, which are checked on forms of fingerprint cards or sheets of writing paper (their photocopies, photo reproductions).
Most often, when appointing fingerprinting examinations, the expert is asked questions about identifying the hand and fingers that left marks, determining the suitability of hand marks for identifying a person and establishing a specific person (s) who left marks.
The decision on the suitability of hand papillary traces for identification depends on their quality. In the presence of clear and significant in size areas of papillary patterns with a large number of distinguishable structural details (as a rule, at least eight), traces are recognized as suitable for personal identification.
If the trace received for examination contains a limited number of clearly expressed signs of the structure of the pattern (2-3), but it is approximately determined type of papillary pattern, the expert concludes that it is possible to resolve the issue of the suitability of a trace for personal identification only by comparing it with the handprints of a particular person being checked. As a rule, such handprints are located on rough, embossed, dirty surfaces.
Assessment the matching and differing features identified in a comparative study is carried out on the basis of determining the identification significance of each of them, as well as their entire set. The criterion for this is the frequency of occurrence of signs.
The set of eight particular features of the papillary pattern can be considered sufficient for identification. This allows us to draw a reliable and reasoned conclusion. However, it is necessary to take into account the conventionality of the indicated quantity, since such a set is evaluated not only by the number of features, but also by their qualitative characteristics (including identification significance, relative position in the pattern, etc.).
If a coincidence has been established by general features, as well as by a number of particular features (at least eight), it is necessary to determine whether the combination of these coinciding features is individual (unique).
The conclusion about the impossibility of solving the question of identity is made in the case of the unsuitability of the traces for identification or the absence of appropriate comparative samples. The results of the research are presented in the form of an expert opinion and photo tables.
The assistant unconsciously receives a judgment about the person who wrote his own views, perceiving the document and its content. In fact, a statement is a description of the nature of the signatory. In problems, when the result is revealed from the intellectual state, this happens to the critically responsible. Ordering a useful form from a law firm will be well worth it. Reason - this is critical.
Fingerprinting is a branch of the science of forensic science, which studies the structure of skin patterns of hands, for the purpose of criminal registration, forensic identification of a person, tracing and identifying criminals. The method of fingerprinting was introduced for the first time in Great Britain at the end of the 19th century, then it was developed and improved by many well-known experts , including the Russian scientist P.S. Semenovsky. The basis of fingerprinting is the study of the properties of patterns of papillary lines, which have the following properties: individuality, relative stability, recoverability.
Fingerprinting of living persons.
Fingerprinting is a special section of forensic science (forensic technology), which allows you to identify a person by the papillary patterns of the fingers. And this scientific method is used everywhere by the law enforcement agencies of our country due to its effectiveness and availability.
Fingerprinting of living persons is carried out in order to obtain an impression of the palmar surfaces of the hands and samples of fingerprints. And in the future, based on the results of fingerprinting, it will be possible to identify the identity of the fingerprint person.
The fingerprinting procedure is carried out in accordance with Article 186 of the Code of Criminal Procedure of the Russian Federation, which states: “The investigator has the right to obtain from the suspected or accused person samples of handwriting or other samples necessary for a comparative study, about which a resolution is drawn up. The investigator has the right to receive samples
handwriting or other samples for comparative examination by a witness or
the victim, but only if necessary, check whether the indicated persons have left traces at the scene of the incident or on material evidence.
Where necessary, the taking of samples for a comparative study is carried out with the participation of a specialist. A protocol is drawn up on the withdrawal of samples for a comparative study in compliance with Article 141,142
The procedure for fingerprinting of living persons.
1). Before fingerprinting, wash your hands in warm water and wipe them dry;
2). Apply a thin layer of printing ink on clean glass or a sheet of paper (10x15 cm), and at the same time, when rolling with your finger, the glass should remain clean;
3). Apply paint with a roller to the nail phalanges of the fingers
using a roller, or directly from glass;
4). On the form of a fingerprint card, roll the nail phalanges from an uncomfortable position to a convenient one in the appropriate places.
It is also worth noting that prints must be complete, clear and in strict sequence. In addition, control prints of four fingers of each hand and separate thumbs are applied at the bottom of the dactycard. When making control prints, impressions should be made in such a way that papillary patterns of the middle and main phalanges of the fingers are displayed. And on the reverse side of the dactycard blank, impressions of the palmar surfaces of the hands are made.
On the form of a fingerprint card, the person of the fingerprint person (his full name), date and place of birth, and the time of fingerprinting are indicated. And also the person who performed the fingerprinting is indicated.
For an automatic fingerprint system, the criminal tendencies of the fingerprint person are additionally indicated, if any. If the person being fingerprinted has been previously convicted, then the corresponding articles of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation are indicated in the fingerprint form.
At the end of fingerprinting, paint is washed off the hands and glass with a swab moistened with solvent, turpentine, soap or powder.
It is worth noting that for fingerprinting of minors, the authorization of the prosecutor or a corresponding court decision is required.
Covert (hidden) fingerprinting, carried out with
the purpose of preventing and solving crimes, as well as searching for criminals - is regulated by the relevant regulatory orders of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Russian Federation.
Covert fingerprinting is carried out by employees of the operational services, and they, in turn, are required to draw up a relevant certificate, and permits for the fingerprinting procedure are given by the heads of departments, departments, chiefs of the ROVD and others. Before carrying out ND (secret fingerprinting), a plan is drawn up, which should indicate the following:
1). Method of fingerprinting and method of conducting;
2). Persons who can be involved for this event;
3). Concealment measures;
4). Organizational and technical support measures.
fingerprinting
(from gr. daktylos - finger) is a section of forensic science that studies the structure of skin patterns of the inner (palmar) surfaces of the nail phalanges of the fingers (papillary lines) for identifying faces by taking fingerprints, classifying them and comparing them with the data of fingerprints stored in special card files.
(from gr. daktylos - finger + scopeo - look, examine, observe; English dactyloscopy) - a section of forensic science, which aims to study papillary patterns. D. makes it possible to distinguish people on the basis of the patterns of their papillary lines, which, in contrast to other areas of the body skin, are found on the palms, soles, fingers and feet. D. is based on scientifically recognized facts: each person has only his own inherent individual pattern of papillary lines, which are stable anatomical features. The principle of immutability is based on the genetically determined fact that already at the 5th month after conception, the papillary lines are fully formed. They do not change until the decomposition of the body after death. The growth of an organism only leads to a change in their proportions. Lesions that do not reach the germ layer of the epidermis cause only a temporary effect on the papillary lines. Patterns of papillary lines have been found in rock art dating back to prehistoric times.
D. as a means of identifying criminals has supplanted anthropometry. Ex. in Germany it was introduced already in 1903. The last of the European countries was introduced by D. in 1925, Bulgaria. In forensic science, D. is used as an auxiliary means of identifying persons by taking fingerprints, classifying them, and comparing them with data from fingerprints. By comparing the fingerprints found at the scene of the accident with the fingerprints in the filing cabinets, the person who left the mark can be identified.
There are 5 main types of patterns, and the frequency of their occurrence is determined. In Germany, the adopted fingerprint classification systems are subdivided according to the purpose pursued. To identify faces on the basis of a 10-finger fingerprint card (decadactyloscopy), the patterns of papillary lines are first divided into 5 main types, then into 3 main classes and 3 subclasses according to the peculiarities of the direction of the papillary lines and their number between certain boundary points and other signs. From an assessment of the individual characteristics of the papillary line patterns of all 10 prints, an alphanumeric formula is derived, thanks to which it is possible to compare, identify and register a 10-finger fingerprint card in a card index containing more than 2 million fingerprint cards. To identify a person using a fingerprint card, on average, it is necessary to visually compare approximately 250 fingerprint cards.
Another classification system for identifying footprints (monodactyloscopy) is based on the study of an individual fingerprint, since at the crime scene, as a rule, only the traces of individual fingers are recorded. An individual fingerprint is assessed based on the direction and number of papillary lines, and features of the pattern. Depending on the size of the card index, using a certain number of classification signs, a selection of cards is made, which makes it possible to compare manually. If there are 250 thousand fingerprints in the filing cabinet, within the framework of the adopted system, it is necessary to compare 10-50 fingerprints (provided they are of good quality). As a rule, to solve a specific crime, it is often necessary to compare hundreds and thousands of prints with each other (see the Forensic Dictionary. - M. 1993).
A large legal dictionary. Academic.ru. 2010.
Fingerprint examination
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Course work
In the discipline "Criminalistics"
On the topic "Fingerprint examination"
Introduction
When committing any crime, various traces remain at the scene. In forensic science, the concept of "footprint" means all kinds of changes in the situation or appearance of objects, resulting from the actions of the criminal. These can be the consequences of a fire, explosion, or burglary, the appearance, disappearance of furnishings, blood stains, secretions of the human body, etc.Traces in a special meaning are materially fixed displays of the signs of the external structure of some objects on others. For example, such marks are fingerprints, shoe soles, etc.
Display traces are used in the process of investigating a variety of crimes (murders, thefts, etc.) and are often one of the important means of successfully solving crimes.
In addition, the study of traces allows you to identify conditions conducive to the commission of certain crimes, and on this basis to develop technical and organizational measures to protect objects from criminal encroachments.
The study of the types of traces, means and methods of detection, fixation, seizure and investigation of them in order to disclose and prevent crimes is carried out by a special branch of the forensic technology of traceology (the doctrine of traces).
Fingerprinting is the oldest of all examinations available today. Her venerable age has long passed the 100-year mark. But, despite this, the basic principles of removing "fingers" from the crime scene remained the same.
One hundred years ago, the first criminal was found by fingerprints. In October 1902, the Frenchman Alphonse Bertillon arrived at the apartment of his servant, strangled by an unknown person. The idea came to him to take the fingerprints from the broken glass shards. New technology helped identify the culprit.
Fingerprinting is a section of traceology that studies the structure and properties of papillary patterns for personal identification in the process of solving crimes.
Fingerprinting is of great importance in forensics for the search and registration of persons who have committed a crime.
Fingerprints are now used not only to find criminals. Thus, electronic reading devices have been created that scan fingers when accessing confidential information. Such mini-devices make it possible to protect information stored in the memory of personal computers from unauthorized persons better than any password: the relief of fingers can be destroyed, but cannot be forged.
In recent years, voluntary fingerprinting has been used. Those interested can enter their fingerprints on medical records and identity cards. In an emergency, this should help identify the person. In our country, only a few thousand people have so far used the opportunity to go through such a procedure: perhaps, fingerprinting, like any communication with law enforcement agencies, causes negative associations among Russians. In addition, undergoing fingerprinting, people unwittingly admit the possibility that sooner or later their bodies will have to be identified.
So, fingerprinting, a section of forensic science that studies the structure of skin patterns of hands in order to identify a person, criminal registration and search for criminals. On the palmar surface of the nail phalanges of the fingers, there are relief lines (the so-called papillary), which form complex patterns, strictly individual, stable (persisting throughout life and after death), recovering in their previous form with a superficial violation of the skin. The fingerprints are used to identify the identity of the offender, identify unidentified corpses, etc.
The purpose of this work is to reveal the concept and meaning of fingerprinting as a science of studying handprints.
The main tasks of further research are:
1) Define the concept of dactyloscopy and characterize it;
2) To reveal the types and types of papillary patterns;
3) Outline the means and methods for detecting fingerprints
1. The concept and significance of fingerprinting in the disclosure and investigation of crimes
The section of traceology that studies handprints is traditionally called fingerprinting (from the Greek daktilos finger, skopeo consideration). Fingerprinting is a branch of forensic technology that studies the structure of skin patterns on the fingers of a person's hands to use their traces to identify, register and search for criminals. It also includes palmoscopy and plantoscopy, which study the patterns of the palms of the hands and feet of a person. In recent years, forensic dermatoglyphics have begun to form, in which fingerprinting has become one of the main parts.Fingerprinting is a method of identifying a person by fingerprints (including fingerprints), based on the uniqueness of the skin pattern. It is widely used in forensic science.
Fingerprinting, as a scientific method of identifying a criminal by the papillary patterns of the fingers, occupies a significant place in the practice of law enforcement agencies in our country. Criminalistics: Textbook. for universities / I.F. Gerasimov, Ya.L. Drap-K 82 kin, E.P. Ishchenko and others; Ed. I.F. Gerasimova, L. Ya. Drap-kin - 2nd ed. revised and additional - M. Vyssh. shk. 2000 .-- P. 212 - 225.
It is known that the relief of the skin is not the same. On the palms (feet), in addition to roller-like protrusions called papillary lines and separated by grooves, there are flexor (flexor) lines, wrinkles and folds (white lines), as well as pores. The most noticeable relief elements are flexor lines. White lines (wrinkles) appear due to loss of elasticity and dryness of the skin, as well as age-related changes. As a rule, these lines play an auxiliary role in identification. The most significant are papillary lines and pores, which have different shapes and are located at different distances from one another and from the edges of the papillary lines. These lines on the palms and nail phalanges of the fingers have a rather complex and varied structure.
The human skin consists of two main layers: the outer (epidermis) and the skin itself (dermis). The skin or dermis itself has two layers: reticular and papillary. The last of them has the form of elevations, the height of which is different in different parts of the body skin. On some parts of the body, they do not protrude onto the surface of the skin (smooth skin), while on others they form linear elevations in the form of combs (papillary lines), the distance between which is from 0.4 to 1.2 mm. These lines cover the palms and feet of a person's legs, on which papillary patterns are formed.
The structure of the papillary pattern of the human hand. Papillary pattern zones:
- 1-5 - nail phalanges of the fingers;
- 6-9 - middle phalanges of the fingers;
- 10-14 - the main phalanges of the fingers;
- thenar No. 1 - a hill on the palmar surface of the hand at the thumb;
- thenar No. 2-No. 4-sub-finger sections of the palmar surface of the hand;
- hypotenar - an area from the side of the edge of the palm.
On the nail phalanges of the fingers, traces of which are most often found in expert practice, the following zones of the papillary pattern are distinguished:
- central;
- upper (distal);
- lower (basic);
- right or left (right lateral or left lateral).
For the purposes of forensic science, the pores located also on the palmar surface are of great importance. Currently, forensic experts are developing methods for the production of examinations involving the use of such micro features as pores on the surface of human skin. This is confirmed by the case of the murder of two MPEI students who were killed by a piece of iron pipe, on which a fragment of the criminal's fingerprint was found, in which general and particular signs of the papillary pattern were poorly reflected, but were clearly visible with a large increase in the pore. As a result, experts, by comparing the locations of the pores on the track and the sample provided for a comparative study, identified the person who had committed such a cruel and daring crime Korshunov V.M. Traces at the scene. M. 2001 - pp. 110 - 115.
Scars of various shapes and sizes from cuts, burns and other injuries can also be present on the skin of the finger, which in turn can also act as private signs.
Properties of papillary patterns located on the nail phalanges of human fingers. The papillary pattern, as a complex of papillary lines, has, in contrast to single papillary lines, a number of properties inherent only in it, as a complex of these lines.
The forensic significance of fingerprints is determined not so much by the shape of the papillary patterns, but by their properties. By studying a huge amount of practical material and conducting experimental research, it was possible to establish a number of important properties of papillary patterns:
The main properties of papillary hand patterns from the point of view of identification are individuality, relative immutability, and recoverability.
Individuality - lies in the fact that not only in different faces, but also on different fingers (palmar surfaces) of the same face, papillary patterns are different.
Relative immutability (stability) - lies in the fact that throughout life, as a rule, the structure of the papillary pattern remains unchanged, only its size increases.
Recoverability - in case of damage to skin areas with papillary patterns, they can restore their original appearance if the papillary layer is not damaged.
The aforementioned properties of papillary patterns made it possible to successfully use handprints in the investigation and disclosure of crimes Criminalistics Yablokov NP, 2003 © LexEst CJSC, 2003 - P. 200 - 206.
2. Papillary patterns: types and types, structural features
Human skin consists of two layers: the epidermis and the dermis. The epidermis is the outer layer, the dermis is the deepest layer of the skin. The dermal layer of the skin smoothly passes into the layer of subcutaneous fat, located deeper than the dermis. The total thickness of the skin on the palmar surfaces of the hands can reach 4-5 mm.The skin of the palmar surface of human hands has a complex pattern, which basically repeats the relative position of the smallest papillaries, which are in large numbers inside the epidermis. On the outer surface of the skin, thanks to the papillaries, you can see many papillary lines, bending in streams in different directions.
The papillary lines are located at some distance from each other and are separated by grooves - depressions 0.1 - 0.3 mm wide. The presence of grooves makes it possible to see the pattern formed by the rollers. Grooves, with rare exceptions, are not found in the track.
Properties of papillary patterns:
- individuality;
- relative immutability (non-repeatability);
- recoverability.
The individuality of the papillary patterns makes it possible to identify the person who left them by traces and prints. The system of signs, which determines the individuality of the papillary pattern, is expressed in humans extremely clearly. Another feature of the individuality of the pattern is the significant amount of information that it contains.
Speaking about the relative immutability of papillary patterns, it should be borne in mind that this concept presupposes, on the one hand, a certain stability of the object, and on the other hand, it shows that it is also subject to some changes. For this reason, it is necessary to highlight the concept of the intrinsic stability of the pattern and the stability of the pattern to deformation at the time of trace formation.
The intrinsic stability of the papillary pattern is understood as the invariability of its structure over time. The papillary pattern remains practically unchanged throughout a person's life. Having formed in the 2nd-4th month of intrauterine life and ending by the 6th month, the papillary pattern for the first 18-20 years only grows, increasing in the absolute size of the fingers and, accordingly, in the size of the papillary lines on them. At the same time, all the smallest details of the pattern, their relative position and number remain unchanged. With aging of a person, papillary lines are somewhat smoothed, wrinkles appear on the skin, but this does not change the main pattern of the pattern.
Speaking of resistance to deformation at the moment of trace formation, the following should be noted. Being located on a sufficiently elastic surface of the skin, the pattern undergoes deformation in the process of trace formation: depending on the direction and magnitude of the force, it stretches in some areas, and contracts in others. Usually these distortions relate to the details of the structure of the pattern, but in rare cases there are distortions of the general appearance of the papillary pattern. As practice shows, the deformation of the pattern does not lead to a significant distortion of all features without exception, and there is always a sufficient set of slightly changed or not altered features at all, which allows the expert to draw the correct conclusions.
Recoverability is a biological property of the body, which consists in the ability of destroyed tissues to self-repair. The palmar surface of the hands is constantly exposed to friction, as a result of which the upper layer of the skin is constantly being erased, but, despite this, the skin is restored. Restoration of the papillary pattern also occurs when the upper layer of the skin is damaged, and only a violation of the integrity of the lower layers of the skin leads to damage to the pattern, to the appearance of scars and scars, which, covering only part of the skin surface, do not interfere with identification. Papillary patterns cannot be destroyed or altered without seriously damaging the skin Forensic science / ed. Doctor of Law, Professor N.P. Yablokova. Moscow Yurist 2001 .-- S. 303 - 309.
Depending on the structure of the central pattern, the papillary patterns of the fingers are divided into three types: arc, loop, curl.
In arc patterns, the papillary lines of the central flow begin on one side, rise from the middle part, and end on the other side of the finger. In most cases, the delta in the arc pattern cannot be distinguished.
Each type of pattern is subdivided into types.
Arc patterns on: simple, pyramidal, hip, herringbone and patterns with an undefined structure of the central part.
Loop patterns on: simple, half, closed, curved, parallel and double.
Curl patterns on: simple, spiral loops, spirals, snail loops, tangled loops. incomplete curl patterns.
False: false-loop arc; false - curly arc; rare, related to arc. False: false - curly looped rarely occurring related to looping False: rarely occurring related to curly.
Abnormal: according to ten-finger fingerprinting classification, abnormal papillary patterns are equated to arc patterns.
The most complex is the curl pattern, and the simplest is the arc pattern.
This classification of papillary patterns makes it possible to identify a person by them. Identification tasks are solved by comparing a set of features, detected fingerprints during the inspection of the scene and control prints obtained from the suspect or the accused.
In accordance with the classification adopted in forensic science, in each papillary pattern, general and particular signs of its external structure can be distinguished. General features characterize the pattern or its separate relatively large element as a whole, and particular features relate to smaller details of the pattern structure.
The general signs of the structure of the papillary pattern include:
a) the type and type of papillary pattern;
b) the structure of the central part of the pattern;
c) the position of a part of the pattern;
d) the structure and position of the deltas;
e) the steepness of the arched lines;
f) width and frequency of papillary lines.
Private features include:
a) details of the papillary pattern (beginning and end of papillary lines, fusion and branching of papillary lines, interpapillary lines, short papillary lines and dots);
b) combinations of details of the papillary pattern (the above details can be in the pattern not only in isolation, but also in groups, forming certain combinations, sometimes complex and unusual in a small area of \u200b\u200bit or even a segment of one papillary line);
c) details of papillary lines (these are the features inherent in the papillary lines themselves in the form of breaks, bends, kinks, thickenings, thickenings, edge configurations, as well as the locations and features of pores) E.P. Ishchenko. Toporkov A.A. Forensic Science: A Textbook. Ed. 2nd, rev. and additional / Ed. Doctor of Law, Professor E.P. Ishchenko. M. "Infra-M", 2005. - S. 414 - 420.
Fingerprints are now usually classified according to various reasons, depending on the conditions in which the trace formation occurs.
Fingerprints, depending on the conditions in which a person finds himself when committing a crime, are voluminous and superficial. Bulk are formed from the touch of a hand to a plastic trace-perceiving surface (plasticine, oil, etc.), and superficial ones arise on hard surfaces.
Visible layering marks are formed due to the presence of a layer of coloring matter (blood, paint, etc.) on the surface of the hands.
Invisible traces of layering occur due to sweat secretions of the skin on hard surfaces that poorly absorb the substance of the trace, such as glass, porcelain, metal, plastic, etc.
Peeling marks occur when the hand touches a surface covered, for example, with a thin layer of dust.
Scientific researchers have long attempted to learn how to determine a person's character and other features by fingerprints. In this case, one might say, Russian scientists have succeeded. By drawing papillary lines, they were able to identify the sex and height of a person.
Discoveries like these should benefit forensic scientists. Perhaps, based on the fingerprints found at the crime scene, it will be possible to compile a psychological portrait of the criminal A.I. Bastrykin. Forensic examination of handprints. SPb, 2002 - pp. 132 - 142.
3. Means and methods of detection, fixation and removal of fingerprints
fingerprinting papillary pattern footprint finger
Traces of a person can be found during inspection of the scene of the incident, search, examination and during other investigative actions. When examining the scene in order to detect traces, it is necessary to use not only the technical means developed and recommended by forensic science, but also to comply with the procedural rules governing this activity. In order to be attached to the case as material evidence, the traces found and studied during the examination are subject to fixation and seizure.
The main work of an investigator with handprints consists of three stages: detection, fixation, removal.
In accordance with the general classification, traces are distinguished in relation to the traces of hands: a) volumetric traces; b) superficial traces, subdivided into: visible, hardly visible, invisible.
Depending on the type of fingerprints, there are different ways to detect them.
Bulky traces are formed by pressing a finger on any substance with plastic properties (putty, plasticine, sealing wax, etc.). The detection of volumetric traces does not require the use of special techniques, only care is required.
Most often in the investigation of crimes there are surface traces - layers.
Traces are called visible - layers that remain on the surface due to touching with fingers painted with some coloring agent (for example, blood). The detection of stained marks does not require the use of special instruments. In some cases, it is necessary to use a magnifying glass in order to distinguish between smears and traces reflecting the structure of papillary lines.
Invisible marks are superficial marks formed by particles of sweat and grease that have come off the hand. Sweat marks are formed when fingers touch the smooth, polished surfaces of various objects (glass, metal, plastic, wood).
Sweat marks of fingers are detected by special examination techniques. An object with a smooth surface, on which, according to the investigator's assumption, there may be fingerprints, should be examined under oblique lighting, that is, under light falling at an angle of 30-45 ° in relation to the object, its plane. Inspection should be carried out with rubber gloves, small objects should be taken by the edges, ribbed parts, so as not to damage traces and not leave their own marks.
Sweat trails may be invisible. Such traces are formed on paper, cardboard, etc. The investigator may assume that such traces are present. Invisible traces can be detected in several ways: a) pollination with various powders (usually contrasting in color with the background of the object); b) fumigation with iodine vapor using an iodine tube located in the investigation suitcase; c) the use of chemicals (ninhydrin, aloxane) in cases where traces on paper are of a certain age Kostrov A.I. Fingerprints as an object of criminological research. Minsk, 2002 - P. 214 - 236.
Fixation of fingerprints. Methods for fixing tracks are associated with the risk of damage to tracks. Therefore, the general rule for fixing fingerprints is to remove them together with the object on which they were found. If this is not possible, then the most optimal method of fixation is photography. For fingerprints, large-scale photography is used, involving the use of special tables and extension rings to capture the full-size fingerprint.
Distinguish between procedural and technical methods of fixation.
The first consists in the description in the protocol of the investigative action (for example, inspection of the scene of the incident), the second - in the use of technical means and techniques in order to preserve objects and traces on them in the form in which they are found, or in order to obtain various copies of traces.
Finding fingerprints includes the following.
1) inspection and analysis of the situation at the scene of the incident, search for surfaces that the offender could touch, as well as directions of movement, places of stops, study of the found traces.
2) the identification of specific objects on which traces could remain and which could be touched by the criminal (for example, a change in the initial or usual position of the object gives reason to assume the presence of traces on these objects).
3) inspection of objects on which traces are assumed. It is aimed at studying the material from which the object is made and the properties of the trace-receiving surface.
Volume traces are fixed by making plaster casts.
Surface traces - layers are fixed by copying them onto traces (black and white), selected in contrast to the pollinator used by Ye.P. Ishchenko. Obraztsov V.A. Forensic science. Textbook for universities. - M. 2005 - S. 87 - 93.
Ways to identify handprints:
1. Optical (visual) - for bulky, colored or hardly visible traces. This method is based on enhancing the contrast by creating favorable lighting and observation conditions. These include:
- illumination of a surface at a certain angle or inspection of a given surface at different angles;
- viewing transparent objects in the light;
- inspection of the surface using a laser, UV sources, using light filters.
This method is simple, widely available and is used when applying other methods for detecting handprints.
2. Physical methods - based on the adhesion (sticking) or adsorption (penetration) properties of the trace-forming substance, trace-sensing surface or used to identify the material. These include:
a) the method using fingerprint powders is the most common in expert practice.
b) using iodine vapors with fixing with reduced iron powder. (recently used in expert practice extremely rarely).
c) the method of thermal vacuum spraying - based on the spraying of heavy metals (tungsten, molybdenum) in a vacuum. The background is colored.
d) a method based on the use of radioactive isotopes consists in treating the surfaces of objects with radioactive materials.
e) drowning in flame soot - used to detect hand marks on polished metal surfaces. Its essence is as follows: when burning individual objects (for example, casts made with the paste "K", foam), soot will be released abundantly, which is a fine powder, which is used to detect hand marks.
f) using liquid dyes, such as ink solutions.
3. Chemical methods - based on the chemical interaction of specially prepared solutions with elements of sweat substance. These methods are used to detect handprints on paper, cardboard, wood of various ages (in some cases, up to several years) and is most often used in laboratory conditions.
a) identification of handprints using a solution of silver nitrate in distilled water.
b) identification of handprints using a solution of ninhydrin or alloxan in acetone.
c) identification of blood traces of hands - for this, a solution of benzidine in alcohol and hydrogen peroxide (5 parts of a 1% solution of benzidine in alcohol and 1 part of a 3% hydrogen peroxide) is used. Blood traces treated with this solution turn blue-green. does not require fixing Korshunov VM Traces at the scene, M. 2001 - pp. 60 - 71.
Traces found at the scene can be recorded:
By describing them in the protocol to weapons of mass destruction, photographing, directly attaching to an object and copying. When describing traces in the protocol to weapons of mass destruction, it should be indicated:
- the item on which traces were found, its location, description (distinguishing features), the nature and color of the surface of the item,
- a way of identifying traces, their type, quantity, shape, size, location on the object and mutual arrangement;
- techniques and means used by a specialist to identify traces.
Rules for photographing handprints at the scene:
1. Photographing of the place where the tracks were found (the object on which they were found) and their relative position, if there are several tracks.
2. Photographing is carried out according to the rules of a large-scale f / s with the maximum possible use of the area of \u200b\u200bthe camera frame.
3. Additional sources of illumination are placed in such a way as to achieve the highest possible image clarity on the frosted glass of the camera.
4. When photographing traces on colorless transparent surfaces, the light sources are located both from below and from above in such a way that the rays do not fall into the camera lens. Photos are taken against a dark background.
5. When photographing traces on painted surfaces, you can use light filters to increase the contrast of the image. In order to remove the background color, it is necessary to install a light filter of the same color on the camera lens, and in order to enhance the image of the trace itself, it is necessary to install a light filter of the opposite color according to the following scheme.
