Dymkovo toys are small figures molded from clay and painted with bright colors. There are no analogues to such toys in the world. Distinctive feature Dymkovo toys are its forms and style of painting.

Dymkovo toy is a folk art craft. This is one of the oldest crafts, dating back to the 16th century. The toy got its name from the Dymkovo settlement, which was located near the city of Vyatka. Today it is the territory of Kirov. Therefore, the toy has two more names: Vyatka and Kirov, but they are rarely used.

The reason for the emergence of fishing is considered the holiday of the Whistleblower. This is a pagan tradition that was followed in those places. Its meaning is the commemoration of the victims who died in the Khlynov battle, when there was a clash between the squads of Vyatka and Ustyug in 1418. Both squads simply did not understand in the dark, and thought that they were fighting the Tatars.

But, over time, the sad occasion was forgotten, and Whistle became a mass festivity, where they danced, sang and, of course, whistled. It was for this holiday that the first samples of the Dymkovo toy were created, which were simply whistles. They liked the fun so much that it soon became widespread and did not become timed to coincide with the holiday, and they began to make toys all the time.

In Soviet times, fishing was given due attention. They did not find anything "hostile to class" in it and supported it in every possible way. In the 1930s, the Vyatka Toy Artel was organized, which brought together the best craftswomen of that time so as not to lose traditions and knowledge and pass them on to new generations. The most famous craftswoman of the Dymkovo toy of the last century was Anna Merzina, who for her talent received the title of Hero of Labor - the highest civilian award in the USSR.

Each Dymkovo toy is exclusively handmade. There is no production automation. The toys are made from local red clay and river sand. A rather time-consuming process is the painting of toys. First, the fired products are covered with whitewash, which is obtained by mixing chalk and milk. Then they paint with paints based on kvass and eggs. And then they are completely covered with egg white to give the colors that characteristic brightness and juiciness that distinguishes Dymkovo toys.

There are never halftones and color transitions in the painting of toys. This gives not only brightness and contrast, but also psychologically causes only positive emotions. Despite the apparent complexity of the ornament, the techniques for painting the toy are quite simple. To create a composition, combinations of simple geometric shapes- dot, circle, stripe, cell. This is probably why there is a feeling that the Dymkovo toy seems to have been painted by the hand of a child.

Plots for toys can be completely different and taken from life. Of course, various domestic animals, nannies with children or water carriers are considered classics, but this is not a strict rule. For example, in Kirov, a full-size monument "Family" was even created, in which all the canons of the Dymkovo toy were implemented.

Treskunova Polina, 3rd grade.

PROJECT WORK

On the topic: The history of the creation and emergence of the Dymkovo toy.

Completed by: 3rd grade student

Treskunova Polina

Project Manager:

Puzach V. S.

Moscow 2010

I. Introduction

The theme of my project was "The history of the creation of the Dymkovo toy."

In Dymkovo, across the Vyatka River,

Precious continuing work,

Not looking for peace in old age,

Glorious craftswomen live.

Red viburnum outside the windows,

The steamboat moves the haze,

there is still damp clay on the table,

Rough, unformed lump.

An old woman at work

He sits low on a bench.

Clay Vyatka toy

Sculpts, ..., no, does not sculpt, but creates!

Nice painted toy!

All sings, artlessly - bright,

And young joy is visible in it,

Became an art of craft.

Our national Russian decorative art has long been famous for its traditions. But how did folk crafts originate in Rus'? Why did folk crafts develop? I really like the patterns with which the Dymkovo toy is painted. They are simple and fun. But my favorite figurines are young ladies and whistles. The ladies have very beautiful and diverse outfits.

Why did I choose this topic? While carrying out the project, we will answer various questions about the Dymkovo toy and learn a lot of useful and interesting things.

Folk life has always been characterized by competition, who has a more skillfully sewn shirt, a thinner sarafan, if you want to be known as a good groom - chop the house, not only firmly, but well, spare no effort on carving. The secret of any skill is, first of all, patience and diligence. But real mastery is not for everyone.

II. Main part.

1. The history of the creation of the Dymkovo toy.

Dymkovo toy is perhaps one of the oldest crafts in Russia. It arose out of love for the pottery tradition of the Vyatka lands in ancient times. Dymkovo toy (Vyatka, Kirov toys), Russian folk art craft has long existed in the settlement

Dymkovo, which is on the outskirts of the ancient Russian city of Khlynov (later the city of Vyatka, now the city of Kirov).

The Dymkovo toy has existed in Vyatka for over four hundred years. Its occurrence is associated with spring holiday Svistunya (“whistle dance”), to which the female population of the Dymkovo settlement sculpted clay whistles in the form of horses, rams, goats, ducks. Later, when the holiday lost its significance, the craft not only survived, but also received further development.

There is an old legend that tells how one day the enemies surrounded the city. The townspeople did not know how to save their lands from the myriad forces that came from a foreign land. But the Vyatichi turned out to be resourceful people. They came up with a "military" trick. All the inhabitants, both children and old people, took clay whistles and, on a dark night, quietly crept up to the enemies. And such a whistle was raised! The enemies were frightened, rushing about, it seemed to them that a huge army had come to the rescue of the townspeople, and they fled away in fear. Since then, the Vyatichi have been celebrating the victory with a cheerful "Whistle". Today, craftsmen continue to make whistles in the form of funny little animals. The old holiday is not forgotten either.

The remote city of Khlynov was located east of Moscow. In the 16th century, the population of Khlynov began to replenish with people from the Northern Dvina and Veliky Ustyug. The newcomers founded their village, Dymkovskaya Sloboda, on the low right bank of the Vyatka. After the flood, significant deposits of red clay were discovered here. This incident contributed to the development of first pottery, and then the toy industry. This is how the Dymkovo toy was born - a unique phenomenon in folk art. The development of toy craft is associated not only with the discovery of clay, but also with an ancient custom.

The revival of the fishery took place in Soviet times in the 30s of the 20th century. and is associated with the name of A. I. Denshin, who managed to persuade hereditary craftswomen A. Mezrina, E. Penkina, E. Koshkina not to give up the craft and organize the Vyatka Toy artel.

Later, the range of topics expanded by introducing new household plots, fairy-tale themes into the toy, developed a large number of ornaments and color combinations.

Dymkovo sculpture has long become a folk sculpture. The difference between this craft and other folk crafts in Russia is that each toy is an author's creative work craftswomen of hand molding and painting, which exists in a single copy.

The Dymkovo toy is made from local plastic red clay with the addition of river sand. It is characterized by a simple geometric pattern of ornament, painting, bright colors, in which there is a lot of red, yellow, blue, green, scarlet.

In folk art, art is always closely connected with craft. The stronger the craft base, the higher the mastery, the greater the artistic value of the hand-made product. So is the Dymkovo toy - labor-intensive manual production, where everything was professionally ordered to the smallest detail.

2. Toy manufacturing technology.

1. For the production of Dymkovo toys, local clay is used, thoroughly mixed with fine river sand. It is collected in the spring after the flood on the Vyatka River and mixed with clean river sand so that it does not crack during firing. Preparing clay for work is not an easy task: it is chopped with a shovel, turned over many times, and filled with water. They shovel again, before kneading with their feet. The finished clay is rolled into balls, from which pancakes are made and the main shape of the desired toy is folded.

2. The figures are molded in parts, the traces of modeling are smoothed with a damp cloth to give the product a smooth surface. After complete drying, the toy is fired.

With all your desire, you won’t notice traces of “grease”: with a sharp splinter, the craftswoman deftly cuts off excess pieces of clay, and with a damp rag she “strokes” the toy all the time, and it turns out to be even, smooth, as if not made by hands, but cast in a mold. But the toy is not ready yet. After sculpting, it was dried for several days, then fired in a Russian oven for 3-4 hours and cooled.

3. The next stage of work, characteristic only for Dymkov, is "whitewashing".

"Whitening". Color scheme, geometric ornament

The toys were immersed in a solution of fine ground chalk diluted in milk and placed in a draft. Milk quickly turned sour, and a film formed on the surface of the product, red clay turned into dazzling white and was ready for painting. We used white gouache.

4. They painted toys, making paints on an egg with kvass, and not two or three colors, as in other crafts, but a dozen. Blue, yellow, green, orange-red minium, raspberry - magenta, black soot and more mixed: blue, pink, brown, decorated toys in the most different combinations. … They started painting with the lightest paint and ended with the darkest. The craftswomen's brushes were home-made, made of splinter and rags, but one was certainly thin ferret - for painting the face. The patterns on the toys suggested traditional ones that go back to ancient sources: cells, stripes, circles, ovals, dots. But how many of their options the craftswomen knew, in what combinations they did not give! How they knew how to make colors sound against the matte whiteness of the background! And to top it all, decorate it with shining rhombus leaves of gold leaf, which makes the toy more elegant and richer.

3. Lady.

We sculpted the lady as follows:

They rolled the pancake, and it turned out to be the bell of a skirt for the lady.

Rolled up the next two pancakes and

got a head and a body.

Carefully "greased" the dignity and the head.

They rolled up a sausage and divided it in half, then “glued” it to the body. The head was decorated with braids, and the body with frills.

They decorated the lady with frills, a kokoshnik or a hat.

We painted the toy with gouache paints.

A simple geometric pattern: circles, dots, stripes.

Do you know what the elements of painting on the Dymkovo toy mean? It turns out that a blue wavy stripe is water, crossed stripes are a log house of a well, a circle with a star-shaped center is the sun and celestial bodies. The geometric ornament consists of dots, straight intersecting lines, zigzags, circles, stars. The ornament can be one-color and multi-color, made in relief or convex. Each era, each nation had its own ornament. The painting of the Dymkovo toy is elegant and decorative.

The same craftswoman does not have the same ladies, each differs in her individual pattern, build, posture.

4. Whistle.

Whistles began to be made for the holiday whistle (whistle dance). In 1811, Major General Nikolai Zakharovich Khitrovo, son-in-law of the illustrious commander Mikhail Illarionovich Kutuzov, who was "at the person of the sovereign", was suddenly "removed to Vyatka".
In Vyatka, the major general, who fell into disfavor, had a chance to witness a surprisingly original, purely local, Vyatka national holiday, which was then called a whistle dance, and later (from about 1890), and even now - a whistler. The whistle made a very strong impression on him. He wrote at length about her, as about "the era, triumphant every year on the city ramparts."
From this description, we can learn that in 1811 the pandemonium was still divided into two parts that were not similar to each other. In the morning, in a dilapidated chapel near the city ramparts, they commemorated their ancestors. And "the rest of this memorable day" was devoted to amusements: "the people gather with small whistles and whistle all day, walking along the street." And "on those places, dolls made of clay, painted with different colors and gilded, are sold."
This is the earliest (from those found so far) eyewitness testimony about Dymkovo clay paintings.
Such a trifle as clay toys, of course, would not have come into the field of view of Major General Khitrovo, "remote to Vyatka", but retaining his high rank, had it not been for the piercingly noisy, raging whistler, which it was impossible not to notice.
And even later, until 1871, we again find information about the Dymkovo clay painted ones only in the descriptions of the whistler. And she continued to amaze contemporaries, and her descriptions appeared in print one after another, the last time already in 1940.
If it were not for the whistler, we would know much less about the Dymkovo clay paintings, and their fate, perhaps, could have turned out differently.
But what is a whistle? Let us turn to Vyatka Notes by Vsevolod Lebedev, a very talented Soviet writer who died untimely. Lebedev vividly and emotionally accurately spoke in this book about the last pre-revolutionary and first Soviet years Vyatka region.

A Vyatchan himself by origin, Lebedev did not ignore the old whistler. True, it was no longer such a whistle as Major General Khitrovo saw in 1811, but such as the Dymkovo clay toy made it, which at times subdued this holiday. For a long time there were no religious ceremonies on it - a commemoration. The dilapidated chapel collapsed.

And there was this: “The Vyatka holiday is a whistle on a large square. When you go to it, it seems that you are slowly climbing some big mountain, the height of which deafens your blood and consciousness.
Then at the bazaar you realize that this is a whistle. Flying, shrill whistle with a light, delicate throaty tint. Something blooms and worries there in the square. And when you get to the square and walk among the whistling crowd, it seems that you are walking on air. Everyone has laughing and some kind of daring faces. Walking people carefully hold in front of their faces an earthenware small toy, costing three or five kopecks, depicting a two-headed beast or a ram with gold spots on the sides. In the tail of this ram they whistle. People walking with these multi-colored animals applied to their faces, all together look like a huge motley masquerade.
This brilliance and whistle at first puzzle, and then lifted into the air, and so you travel until the evening, and at night - something bright and joyfully tender stands in your eyes and ears in a dream. This is a whistling holiday. Since ancient times, the city of Vyatka has been famous for this holiday. In Vyatka they whistle great. In Vyatka they make toys for whistling...
Here comes Ashikhmin Vanka, a new jacket is put on for the holiday, and in the mouth is a ram's tail - a clay ram: and the clay ram sings so subtly.
And the old women sit on the bench and say: - In the old days they whistled even healthier. In the old days, old people whistled too - they will also put a ram to a gray beard, walks and whistles "(Vsevolod Lebedev. Vyatka notes.)
It must be added here that this cheerful holiday was filled not only with a sharp whistle. On it, guides walked with learned bears, and Petrushka, a favorite of children, squealed piercingly from a booth, and a colorful, elegant carousel spun to the squeal of girls. And there was just something.

The demand for whistles increased, especially in spring, and their production turned out to be profitable. The potters worked all winter, preparing for spring.

The competition of whistlers was held annually, whistles were made in the form of horses, riders, cows, birds.

III. Conclusion.

Having studied the material for this project, I learned that the Dymkovo toy originated in the Dymkovo settlement, near the city of Vyatka (now in the city of Kirov). happy holiday Whistle.

The product of my project is a folder with the collected material, as well as my favorite Dymkovo toys: a lady and whistles, which I made myself.

Dymkovo toy is a decorative clay sculpture up to 25 centimeters high. It is molded from clay, fired in a kiln and brightly painted over white chalk ground with tempera paints, gold leaf is used. Animals, riders (usually whistles), ladies in crinolines, gentlemen, fairy tale characters, domestic scenes. The poses and movements of the Dymkovo toy are somewhat arbitrary, simplified, according to the ancient tradition of making folk toys and sculptures. Products differ in generalized, somewhat grotesque forms. In 1919, a toy workshop was created (since 1942 - a workshop run by the partnership "Kirov Artist", since 1956 - a workshop as part of the Artistic and Production Workshops of the Kirov Branch of the Artistic Fund of the RSFSR; masters - A.A. Mezrina, E.A. Koshkina, E. I. Penkina, Z. F. Bezdenezhnykh, O. I. Konovalova, E. I. Koss-Denshina).

Dymkovo toy is the most famous of the clay crafts in Russia. It is distinguished by an extremely simple, clear plastic form, a generalized silhouette, and bright ornamental painting on a white background. The three-hundred-year-old traditions of Dymkovo art continue to live in the images of red-cheeked ladies, nurses, dashing horsemen, scenes of tea parties, fair festivities, cheerful carousels, and the archaic of ancient samples is carefully preserved. The Dymkovo Vyatka toy has long been a folk sculpture. The difference between this art craft and other folk crafts in Russia is that each toy is the author's creative work of hand-made craftswomen, and exists in a single copy. Traditionally, the Dymkovo toy industry does not have mass production in-line.

Once upon a time, children played with these toys. Now they serve to decorate our homes. We admire the cheerful and mischievous Dymkovo toy. Dymkovo toy does not like loneliness. She is good not even in a pair, but in a group with others, in close proximity to her brothers and sisters from the settlement on the Vyatka River, the Dymkovo toy is only man-made art. From modeling to painting, the process is creative, never repeating. No, and cannot be, two identical products. Each toy is unique and unique. There is no analogue of the Dymkovo toy.

My project can be used in painting lessons and extracurricular reading. I will be glad if adults and children, having read my project, learn a lot of new things from the history of our Russian craft.

Spring is coming, spring is red!

Duck whistles whistle,

The rooster whistles,

No wonder the spring holiday.

Oh, lyuli, oh, lyuli!

Horses were carried to the meadow!

Horses are removed

Proud, dashing.

The turkey is fabulously beautiful,

He is pompous, proud,

Looks down around

An important bird is a turkey.

Amazing Outfit:

The kokoshnik sits proudly,

The water carrier is so beautiful

Like a swan swims

Sings a quiet song.

IV. Literature

1. G. L. Dine "Russian toy"

2. Dyakonov L.V. Dymkovo clay painted

3. Encyclopedia of the Vyatka Land. Volume 10, Crafts. GIPP "Vyatka", 2000.

V. Content

I.Introduction…………………………………………………………….page 3

II. Main part

1. The history of the creation of the Dymkovo toy………………………...p.5

2. Toy manufacturing technology………………………………p.9

3. Lady………………………………………………………………p.11

4. Whistle………………………………………………………….page 15

III. Conclusion…………………………………………………………..page 18

IV. Literature…………………………………………………………..page 22

"Dymkovo toy" is one of the oldest toys in Russia, born in the Kirov region, in the village of Dymkovo more than 400 years ago. Until now, toy masters are devoted to their traditions. The Dymkovo toy is very valuable for children, as it conveys the traditions of their ancestors and is environmentally friendly.
Among the manufacturing industries clay toys, actively developing today, one of the prominent places is occupied by Dymkovo, because the first craftswomen lived in the Zarechenskaya Dymkovskaya Sloboda, which is located on the right bank of the Vyatka, opposite the city of Kirov. In Dymkovo, wonderful craftswomen still live in making world-famous Dymkovo clay painted toys. Their creativity goes back to ancient times, but the written history of Dymkovo toys covers only a little more than a century and a half.For the first time, the Vyatka, brightly colored whistle toy is mentioned in the description of the Whistle Dance holiday in Vyatka in 1811. On this day, in the morning, in a dilapidated chapel near the city gates, the inhabitants of the city commemorated their ancestors, and in the afternoon, walking along the streets, they whistled into small whistles. Whistler dolls made of clay, painted with bright colors, were sold here, on the street. The red-cheeked Dymkovo “feeders”, “water-carriers”, “ladies” are full of amusing importance and dignity, and the ram whistles in pants, the daring horsemen are cheerful and provocative. These charming figurines have long outgrown the framework of toys for children, they are taken away as souvenirs to all countries of the world, and at home they are used as a funny sculptural decoration.

Peculiarities clay toys from Dymkovo

Haze is really a unique toy, because each toy is unique and unique in its own way. Each has its own pattern and ornament. “Usually a toy consists of several parts. Red clay provides the ability to “glue” all the details together without seams,” says Oksana Romanova, Dymka’s sculpture and painting teacher at the Amphora Ceramics Academy.

The finished toy is left to dry for 5-7 days, and then it is placed in an oven and fired at a temperature of 900 degrees Celsius. Then whitening is applied. No one knows for sure when and who first came up with the white haze coating. Its predecessors - clay balls and whistles - were either black (they are resin) or red, the color of clay. Some believe that the bleaching of toys began in the early 19th century, when porcelain was in vogue among the elites. “Peasants, seeing porcelain in their masters' homes, adopted a white background, which was made from powdered chalk that had been diluted in milk. The toy was dipped into the mixture and then allowed to dry. When it dried, the milk would spoil, allowing the primer to stick very well,” Romanova explained. People were also very creative in their preparation of flowers, using egg yolk, egg white and kvass. Despite the limited possibilities of the peasant, the color range was wide and bright. Pale shades are never used in the making of Dymka, and patterns are often simple. The first masters did not have special tools, and sometimes they did not even have brushes.

Images onDymkovskytoys

Dymkovo toy makers were inspired by objects from life. “They sculpted everything they saw around them: animals, scenes from peasant life, fishermen, women with kokoshniks, beautiful ladies and handsome gentlemen they saw at fairs,” Romanova said.IN Soviet times the masters of Dymka presented topics related to scientific and space achievements; for example, a man and a woman in spacesuits standing under an apple tree, such as Adam and Eve, are very popular among Smoky's collectors. It is believed that these characters represent Gagarin and Tereshkova.Funny and stupid events from the life of the masters themselves also penetrated into the art form. Zoya Penkina, the hereditary master of Dymka, was inspired by the Moscow metro and created a composition with an agitated woman who gets stuck in a turnstile and is met by an old man who helps her get out.The toy from Dymkovo in its traditional form could have disappeared 100 years ago, but it was saved from oblivion by Anna Mezrina, the only Dymka craftsman who traditionally sculpted toys, and Alexei Denshin, an artist from the city of Vyatka. He popularized the craft, published albums, organized national and international exhibitions, organized workshops and supplied the craftsmen with all the necessary tools.

Dymkovo toy today

Later, the Kirov Union of Artists created an Artistic Council to evaluate the use of traditional canons in the manufacture of Dymka. Toys not prepared according to tradition were immediately destroyed with a hammer. This method prevented the emergence of a new branch of the unconventional Dymkovo Toy.At first, the production of Dymka was taught in families, and knowledge was passed from mother to daughter. But by the 60s, philosophy became less rigid, and students could be taken not from relatives. Future masters had to pass an exam in painting, drawing and composition and pass a unique test: a simple figure was put in front of the students, from which they had to make an exact copy. They copied these common toys until they reached perfection and then created their own molds. A long time ago, many people wanted to become Masters of the Smoke, but today there are only 7 to 15 people in the school.

The most big collection"Dymkovo toys"can be found in the museum and "Dymkovo toys" and in the Art Museum of Vyatka Vasnetsov.

Technique for making Dymkovo toys

Technique for making a Dymkovo sculpture toy uncomplicated. The toy is molded from a pre-prepared red oily clay, to which a small amount of pure river sand is added. Crumpled clay is applied to a pine or spruce board and they start modeling. They begin to sculpt from the main, massive part - the body of animals, and the lady from the mortar - from a wide skirt, for which they roll a pancake from clay and roll it into a cone. The remaining, smaller parts are attached to the main part, and the holes are pierced with sticks (piercers). After that, the toy is polished with a wet finger, then dried in the air, but not in the sun. Small toys dry out in two days, and large ones in a week or even two. After drying, the toy is fired in a muffle electric furnace at temperatures up to 900 ° C, fired small toys several times immersed in a solution of ground and sifted chalk in skimmed milk, large ones are covered twice with the same solution. Such a solution forms a strong snow-white “casein” soil on the clay surface of the toy. Then the toy is painted with tempera (rubbed on egg yolk), and sometimes with aniline or gouache paints. The pattern of Dymkovo toys is peculiar and consists of bright round spots, circles, small peas, cells, stripes, etc. To enhance the decorative effect, sometimes small squares and other figures made of gold and silver leaf are pasted on them.

Dymkovo toys are similar to each other, but two identical figures cannot be found. In addition, each craftswoman works in her own individual manner. Dymkovo toys are also distinguished by the perfect correspondence of the painting to the shape of the product. Along with archaic, fabulous images of deer, two-headed horses, birds, images of bears, domestic animals presented in unusual situations, appeared in the assortment of toys. For example, a musician bear playing the balalaika, a goat dressed in funny pants - all this enhances the feeling of the toy's festiveness.

Interest in the everyday genre, transmitted in a rather peculiar way, manifested itself in the expansion of the theme of Dymkovo toys. Riders, ladies and gentlemen, nannies and nurses appear in the toy from the urban life of the last century. Very simplified poses, character movements, appropriate clothing retain the conventionality that comes from the old toy, but very accurately convey the type.

Genre scenes, representing multi-figure compositions, depict today's life of the city and the village: festivities and tea drinking, a circus performance and a company trip in a boat. All this is close to traditional motifs, which gives the toys credibility and shows a kind of connection between the origins of the Dymkovo craft and modern searches. At present, Dymkovo toys are mainly made in the workshops of the Kirov House of Artists, some artists work in Dymkovo.