The radical transformations taking place in modern Russian society in the socio-economic and political spheres could not but affect the family, as at the most important social institution. The modern Russian family is characterized by such crisis manifestations as: low birth rate, an increase in the number of families at risk, single-parent families, dysfunctional families, a constant increase in divorces (according to statistics, every third marriage in Russia ends in divorce, with two-thirds of broken families being families in which there are children), the spread of so-called “civil” marriages. https://privet-rostov.ru various types of stationery folders.

The family, as a result of market transformations, today is in a deep crisis. The mechanisms of social adaptation, which were characteristic of Soviet society in the changed conditions, turned out to be unsuitable. New ones are generated spontaneously and often come down simply to survival mechanisms. As a result, a modern person in the conditions of increased competition has ceased to see the main wealth and happiness in the family.

It should be noted that in Russia the slogan of modern youth is “first a career, then children”. The data of sociological studies of reproductive attitudes among young people vividly illustrate the fact that today there is an obvious tendency to decrease the planned number of children. So, as the analysis showed, the average desired number of children in women of childbearing age is 1.7, which is even lower than the level necessary for the reproduction of society (the norm is 2.1 children per woman).

I would like to dwell on another trend. As studies have shown, a strong transformation in the content of family roles is currently noticeable. The reason for this is the feminization of Russian society, which in turn leads to various role conflicts related to the mismatch of the role expectations of parents, children and spouses. Economic status today increasingly determines the leader in the family. Quite often there are families where women play leading roles, since women in modern society are no longer as much as several decades ago, they depend on men economically.

It should be noted that in modern Russian society there is the so-called "cult of youth". According to the prominent sociologist of the beginning of the 20th century, Ortega y Gasset, “mass” people are characterized by such features as the desire to avoid responsibility and attachment and selfishness, the desire to always stay young. This is exactly what the majority of Russians between the ages of 16 to 30-35 are striving for (that is, at the reproductive age, in when they should start a family). Today, people want to prolong their youth by any effort, sparing no effort and expense (neither material nor spiritual) for this. Today, more than ever, fitness clubs, various diets, and plastic surgery have become popular. The media is constantly promoting the image of an “ever young” person. Today, many young people want to first have to "live for themselves," and only then start a family. They are much more concerned about finding a variety of entertainment, new sensations, than creating a family.

And, finally, the reason for the current crisis of the family as a social institution is, of course, the decline of morality (early sexual relations among young people, neglect of marriage, the spread of sexually transmitted infections). According to research data, among adolescents and young people under thirty, the percentage of sexually transmitted diseases is higher than among the general population. There is an increase in HIV-infected young people. The proportion of ages between fifteen and thirty years is 79% of all HIV-infected men and 80% of women. The growth of drug addiction, tobacco smoking (Russia accounts for about 70% of the entire international market) and alcoholism does not stop.

In addition, the reproductive attitudes of modern youth are quite strongly influenced by the factor of reduction in physical health. Today, only 10% of school graduates are absolutely healthy.

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Ministry of Science and Education of the Russian Federation

Moscow State University of Culture and Arts

Faculty of Social and Cultural Activities

Department of Social and Philosophical Sciences

Course work

discipline "Social pedagogy"

« The crisis of the modern family "

Finished: 2nd year student

correspondence department Zhdannikova N.V.

Scientific adviser: Loseva Lyubov Pavlovna

Moscow 2013

Introduction

1. Theoretical characteristics of the family

1.4 Family Life Cycle

2.2 The crisis of the family institution

2.3 Divorce and domestic violence

2.4 Violation of the reproductive function of the modern family

3 . Diagnosis of interpersonal relationships in the family

3.1 Methods of psychodiagnostics of interpersonal marital relations

3.2 Methods of psychodiagnostics of parent-child relationships

Conclusion

Bibliography

application

family relationship psychodiagnostics marital

Introduction

Problems of the family and family relations have always been relevant. But, perhaps, a special interest in family life issues has appeared in recent years in connection with the crisis state of the modern family. Most studies are devoted to the analysis of economic, social, pedagogical aspects of family life.

As you know, the first five years of married life are the most difficult, in these years, family happiness is fragile. Many of the mistakes made by young people even before marriage, and then replicated in the process of living together, are largely due to ignorance of the basic problems of family life. Hence the psychological unpreparedness for their discussion and constructive resolution.

The study of the modern family in our time is given quite a lot of attention, both in our country and abroad. Therefore, in psychology there are different points of view on the phenomenon of the modern family.

Most domestic researchers note that the transition of our country to the conditions of qualitatively new economic relations influenced the formation of a family, as the family “directly or indirectly reflects all the changes taking place in society, although it has relative independence”.

Therefore, studies of the modern family allow us to say that “the representation of the family is increasingly moving away from unconditionally recognized strict functions defined by society, and is increasingly getting closer to the image of the family as a small group in which functions, roles and values \u200b\u200bdepend on its constituent individuals” .

Coursework is devoted to the problems of the modern family, its features, characteristics and functional role structure. The course work outlines issues related to the characteristics of the basic functions, structure and typology of families, considers the psychological characteristics of the modern Russian family.

1. Theoretical characteristics of the family

1.1 Definition of the family. Functional and role aspect of a modern family

The family is a small group based on marriage or blood relationship, whose members are connected by a common life, mutual moral responsibility and mutual assistance; it develops a set of norms, sanctions and patterns of behavior that govern the interaction between spouses, parents and children, children among themselves.

The family is a more complex system of relations than marriage, since it usually unites not only spouses, but also their children, as well as other relatives or just close to spouses people.

Marriage is a historically determined, sanctioned and regulated by society form of relationship between a man and a woman, establishing their rights and obligations in relation to each other to their children, their offspring, parents.

Today, the family is viewed from two sides. The family is considered one of the four fundamental institutions of society, giving it stability and the ability to make up for the population in each next generation. At the same time, the family acts as a small group - the most cohesive and stable unit of society. Throughout his life, a person is a member of many different groups, but only the family remains the group that he never leaves. It is the most important institution for the socialization of younger generations. It is a personal environment of life and development of children, adolescents, youths.

The family is an integral part of society, and it is impossible to reduce its importance. Not a single nation, not a single civilized society could do without a family. The visible future of society is also not conceived without a family. For each person, the family is the beginning of the beginning. Almost everyone associates the concept of happiness, first of all, with the family. And only a healthy, prosperous family beneficially affects a person, the creation of which requires considerable effort and certain personality traits.

The topic of the institution of the family and its problems is one of the most important and urgent, since the family today is in an institutional crisis, cannot cope with the fulfillment of its functions and needs the support and assistance of both society and the state.

The degree of knowledge of this topic is quite high, as evidenced by the variety of literature on this topic, which addresses the problems of the family. These are journalistic articles used in writing the work of V. Zakirova, Candidate of Sociological Sciences, on divorce and domestic violence, as a phenomenon of family distress. Also, an article by E. Tyurina, Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences, on the causes of the crisis of the modern family as a social institution, the article attempts to analyze the crisis factors of the modern family. An article by E. Balditsyna, which examines the nature of the relationship between the state and the family in the Soviet period, as social institutions of society. When writing the work, the theoretical data of textbooks on sociology and psychology of the family were used, as well as data from Internet resources, directly articles on the topic of family problems and statistical data. There is a lack of regulatory framework.

The family is the first social community (group) in a person’s life, thanks to which he joins cultural values, masters the first social roles, and gains experience in social behavior. Social psychologists consider the family as a cell of the social structure of society, acting as a regulator of relations between people. The family is a small social group, which is characterized by certain intra-group processes and phenomena. At the same time, some signs distinguish the family from other small groups: marriage or kinship between its members; community of life; special moral, psychological, emotional, ethical and legal relations. The family is characterized by such features as life-long membership in a family group (they do not choose a family, a person is born in it); maximum heterogeneous group composition; the maximum degree of informality of contacts in the family and the increased emotional significance of family events. One of the most accurate definitions of a family belongs to N. Ya. Soloviev. By his definition, a family is “a small social group of society, the most important form of organizing personal life, based on marital union and family ties, that is, relations between husband and wife, parents and children, brothers and sisters and other relatives living together and sharing a common economy ".

The most complete and modern version of the classification is offered by E.G. Eidemiller and V.V. Justickis, highlighting the following basic family functions

educational function - satisfying the need for paternity and motherhood, raising children;

household - the formation and expenditure of the family budget, maintaining the physical condition of the family, caring for the sick and elderly;

emotional - stabilization of close emotional relations of family members, satisfaction of the need for sympathy, respect, recognition, psychological protection;

the function of primary social control is the fulfillment of social norms by family members;

the function of spiritual communication is mutual spiritual enrichment, leisure activities;

sexually-erotic - satisfaction of the sexual-erotic needs of family members.

The authors note that the inner essence of the function may change with changing conditions of the family. The functions of the family are set by needs, the subjects of which are society, family and the individual. Family functions are realized in the process of fulfilling family roles and determine, first of all, their content.

The distribution of roles and functions in the family is closely related to the concepts of family leadership. In this regard, it should be noted that "... now the head of the family is not the head" according to the law ", but the leader, that is, whose psychological influence is recognized voluntarily."

In a modern egalitarian family, the husband is the head in some matters, and the wife in others. At the right moments, they change leadership, and no friction arises in connection with this. Such families are characterized by approximately the same level of assessments of the personal characteristics of the husband and wife and high satisfaction with family life. The problem of the distribution of roles between spouses is the basis for dividing families into traditional and egalitarian.

A feature of the modern stage of family formation is a significant increase in egalitarian families and, accordingly, a decrease in the number of traditional ones.

In a traditional (patriarchal) family, roles and responsibilities are rigidly distributed according to the norms prescribed by sexual roles. This is a family whose head is a man - a breadwinner, a breadwinner, a woman in such a family is assigned the role of educator.

a) there is a traditional separation of male and female roles in the field of "secondary" functions;

b) the system of norms justifying this distribution is expressed, the position of responsibility for family functions;

c) the leading role in making family decisions belongs to the husband; the authority of the father exercising social control over the behavior and upbringing of children is high.

The modernized (egalitarian) family model involves:

a) the distribution of roles in the domestic sphere, based on the relative equality of spouses' contributions to external activities;

b) the position of combining responsibility for the performance of family functions;

c) a democratic leadership structure;

d) the "egalitarian concept of family life", the equality of husband and wife in and outside the family.

An egalitarian marriage is characterized by a uniform and fair distribution of roles. Some researchers consider the participation of women in the material support of the family as a criterion of the traditional / egalitarian nature of the family. L. Haas found that for the egalitarian distribution of roles, it is not so much the fact of the wife’s work that matters, but her earnings and the prestige of her occupation.

1.2 Types and types of modern family

The analysis of literary sources shows that psychologists working with the problems of the modern family attach great importance to its features and distinctive signs in comparison with the traditional family.

Schneider highlights the following features of a modern family:

The family has become smaller in size;

The modern family is less stable;

The number of families where the head is husband has decreased;

The family became less friendly because parents and adult children, brothers and sisters prefer to live separately;

A significantly larger number (compared with the recent past) of people do not legitimize the relationship, or even live alone.

In accordance with the listed modern features of the family, the following types are distinguished.

1. By related structurefamily may be nuclear(married couple with children) and expandrenal(a married couple with children and one of the relatives of the husband or wife).

2. By number of children: voidtnaya, one-child, one-child, many-child a family.

3. By structure:with one married couple with or without children; with one of the parents of the spouses and other relatives, with two or more married couples with or without children, with one of the parents of the spouses and other relatives or without them.

4. By composition:single-parent family, separate, simple, large family.

5. By geographical sign:urban, rural, remote.

6. By uniformity social composition:socially abouthomogeneous and oneaboutrelativesfamilies.

7. By family experience:newlyweds; a young family expecting a baby; middle-aged family; senior marital age; senior couple.

8. According to the features of the existing family structure and organization of family life: family - “take-offandon the" (gives a person communication, moral and material support ); detocentric family; a family such as a sports team or discussionaboutgo club (travel a lot, see a lot, know how, know); etc.

10. By the nature of theleisure: family open(communication oriented) and closed(oriented to family leisure).

11. By the nature of the distribution of household duties:families traditional and egalitarian.

12. By type of leadershipfamilies may be authoritarian and democraticandmi.

13. Depending on special conditions for organizing family life: studentfamily and "Distant"family (separation due to the specifics of the spouse's profession).

14. By spouses in the nuclear family: complete(includes father, mother and children) and incomplete(one of the parents is absent).

15. By social role featuresstand out traditional, detocentric and supatzhesky families.

16. By the nature of communication and emotional relationships in the familymarriages are classified into symmetric, complementary and metacomtribal.

AT symmetricalboth spouses have equal rights in a marriage union; none of them is subordinate to the other. Problems are resolved through agreement, exchange, or compromise. AT complementarymarried one orders, gives orders, another obeys, awaits advice or instructions. AT metacomplementarya married partner is reached by a partner who realizes his own goals by emphasizing his weakness, inexperience, ineptitude and powerlessness, manipulating his partner.

There are many varieties of family structure, where these signs are somewhat smoothed out, and the consequences of improper upbringing are not so distinct. But still there are these negative consequences. One of the most noticeable is the emotional loneliness of children in the family. This fact is taken into account in the typology of Richter - Spivakovskaya.

1. Outwardly “calm family”is different by , what events at her flow smoothly. From the side it may seem that the relations of its members are streamlined and coordinated.

But in such family unions there are long-term and strongly suppressed negative feelings for each other. This type of relationship is unfavorable for the development of the child. The child feels his helplessness, constantly experiencing fear. His life is filled with an unconscious sense of constant anxiety, the child feels the danger, but does not understand its source, lives in constant tension and is not able to weaken it.

2. " Volcanic "family:in this family, relationships are volatile and open. Spouses often disperse and converge, scandal, quarrel, so that they will soon dearly love and confess their love until the end of their lives. Children in such families experience significant emotional overload. Quarrels between parents for a child are a real tragedy.

3. A family - "Sanatorium" - a typical example of family disharmony. One of the spouses, whose emotional reactions are expressed in increased anxiety in front of the outside world, the demand for love and care, creates a specific limitation, a barrier to new experience. All members of the family, including children, are gradually drawn into a narrow, limited circle. Spouses spend all the time together and try to keep their children near them. Such parental positions lead to excessive overload of the child’s nervous system, in which neurotic breakdowns occur, emotional characteristics of the type of increased sensitivity, irritability.

4. Family “fortress”: at the heart of such unions are ideas about the threat, aggressiveness and cruelty of the world. Spouses have a pronounced increase in the feeling of "we". They are psychologically arming themselves against the whole world. Love for a child is increasingly acquiring a conditional character; a child is loved only when it justifies the demands placed on it by the family.

5. Family - "theater": such families maintain stability through a specific "theatrical" lifestyle. The focus of such a family is always on the game and the effect. As a rule, one of the spouses in such families has an urgent need for recognition, constant attention, and encouragement. Demonstrated by outsiders love and care for the child does not save from the sensation acutely felt by the children that parents are not up to them.

6. A family "third wheel". This type of family arises in cases where the need to assume parental roles is unconsciously perceived as a hindrance to marital happiness. This happens with the psychological immaturity of one or both parents, with their unpreparedness to perform parental functions. As a result of this, a style of relations with the child arises as a type of hidden rejection. Raising children in such situations leads to the formation of self-doubt, lack of initiative, fixation on weaknesses, children are characterized by painful experiences of their own inferiority with increased dependence on parents.

7. "Family with an idol": This type is quite common. Relations between family members lead to the creation of a "family idol." The child turns out to be the center of the family, becomes the object of increased attention and guardianship, the overestimated expectations of the parents.

With such upbringing, children become non-self-reliant, activity is lost, impulses are weakened. The need for positive assessments is growing, children lack love; clashes with the outside world, communication with peers.

8. Masquerade Family. Building their life around differently understood values, serving different gods, parents put the child in a situation of different requirements and inconsistent assessments. Inconsistency in the actions of parents, for example, the increased demands of the father with excessive custody and forgiveness of the mother, causes the child to be confused and split his self-esteem.

The presented typology of families would be incomplete if it were not included atypical families. Despite the emergence and spread of such families in modern society, scientists hardly associate their research interests with their study. Therefore, many problems regarding these families are still unknown to the general public. However, such non-traditional marriage unions exist, have their own characteristics, lead their own way of life, which sometimes significantly differs from generally accepted ideas about marriage and family.

1. Occurringfamily: the marriage is registered, but the spouses live separately, each of them has their own housing. Even the appearance of children is not a reason to unite and live a “common home”. More often than not, children remain with their mother or are given to their immediate relatives for upbringing. Such a family gets together either on holidays and weekends, on vacation. At other times, spouses can meet from time to time without burdening each other with family problems.

2. Intermittentthe family is characterized by the fact that the marriage is officially concluded, the spouses live together, but consider it permissible to part for a while and not keep a common household.

3. Unregistered marriage(civilian) is an increasingly common form of family. The reasons for the popularity of extramarital unions are associated primarily with the crisis of the modern family and the decline in its social prestige. The traditional distribution of household chores, characteristic of formal marriage, is broken in extramarital union. The form of living together provides each partner with individual freedom, which he can use at any time. This form of living together will be further disseminated. This is facilitated by early physical, sexual development, the process of breaking the strict generally accepted framework in the field of sexual morality, the dominance of freedom in the establishment of extramarital sex. An increasing number of young people consider it necessary to pass a probationary period in cohabitation in front of a “real” marriage - it is better to learn each other's character and habits, test their feelings, sexual compatibility.

4. Opena family is distinguished by the fact that spouses, privately or secretly, allow connections outside of marriage. Some couples in search of sexual diversity by mutual consent establish sexual relations with some other, one or more couples (closed and open swing). Some swingers not only make love together, but jointly organize and spend leisure time, help each other raise children, and solve everyday problems together.

5. Muslima family - polygamy legalized by religion. The husband is the sovereign master of all households, submission to him is mandatory for all members of this family - from small to large. He single-handedly makes decisions and determines the future fate of aging wives and growing children.

6. " Swedish»Family - this is a family group, which includes several representatives of not only the female, but also the male. Legally, relations in such a family can be formalized only between partners of one pair, but this does not prevent all men and women included in the family union from considering themselves spouses of each other, maintaining a common household, and having a common family budget. Children are also considered common.

7. Homosexual the family consists of marriage partners with the so-called "non-traditional" sexual orientation. If this is a purely male or purely female married couple, within such a family there is a separation of partners into “husbands” and “wives” and a corresponding distribution of family roles and responsibilities.

8. Time-limited marriage:the creation of a family union is seen as a kind of kind of deal. If the spouses after a certain period of time, which they agreed earlier, do not declare their desire to extend the "contract", they are automatically considered completely strangers to each other. A group of atypical families of this plan can be attributed mixedfamilies that form divorced parents and their partners in remarriage; foster families adopted detei;families raising other people's children; extendedcommunity-type families; families with nonsenseaboutown parents;families with chronically ill and disabled childrenladies.

In addition to structural and functional characteristics that reflect the state of the family as a whole, the individual characteristics of its members are also important for social and educational activities. These include socio-demographic, physiological, psychological, pathological habits of adult family members, as well as the characteristics of the child: age, level of physical, mental, speech development in accordance with the age of the child; interests, abilities; educational institution he attends; successful communication and training; the presence of behavioral abnormalities, pathological habits, speech and mental disorders.

The combination of individual characteristics of family members with its structural and functional parameters is combined into a complex characteristic - family status. Scientists have shown that a family can have at least 4 statuses: socio-economic, socio-psychological, sociocultural and situational-role. The listed statuses characterize the state of the family, its position in a certain sphere of life at a particular moment in time, i.e., they are a cut of a certain state of the family in the continuous process of its adaptation in society. The structure of social adaptation of the family is presented in the diagram:

The first component of the social adaptation of the family is the material situation of the family. To assess the material well-being of a family, which consists of monetary and property security, several quantitative and qualitative criteria are needed: the family’s income level, its living conditions, the subject environment, as well as the socio-demographic characteristics of its members, which constitutes the socio-economic status of the family.

If the family’s income level, as well as the quality of housing conditions are lower than the established norms (living wage, etc.), as a result of which the family cannot satisfy the most urgent needs for food, clothing, housing costs, then such a family is considered poor, its socio-economic the status is low. If the material well-being of the family meets the minimum social standards, that is, the family copes with the basic needs of life support, but suffers from a lack of material means to satisfy leisure, educational and other social needs, then such a family is considered to be poor, its social economic status is average.

A high level of income and quality of living conditions (2 or more times higher than social norms), which allows not only to meet basic life support needs, but also to use various types of services, indicates that the family is financially secure, has a high socio-economic status.

The second component of the family’s social adaptation - its psychological climate - is a more or less stable emotional mood that develops as a result of the moods of family members, their emotional experiences, relationships with each other, with other people, with work, with surrounding events. to be able to assess the state of the psychological climate of the family, or in other words its socio-psychological status, it is advisable to divide all relationships into separate areas according to the principle of the subjects involved in them: marital, child-parent and relations with the immediate environment.

The following are distinguished as indicators of the state of the psychological climate of the family: the degree of emotional comfort, the level of anxiety, the degree of mutual understanding, respect, support, help, empathy and mutual influence; the place of leisure (in the family or outside it), the openness of the family in relations with the immediate environment.

Favorable are relations based on the principles of equality and cooperation, respect for individual rights, characterized by mutual affection, emotional closeness, and satisfaction of each family member with the quality of these relations; in this case, the socio-psychological status of the family is assessed as high.

An unfavorable psychological climate in a family is when there are chronic difficulties and conflicts in one or several areas of family relationships; family members experience constant anxiety, emotional discomfort; Alienation dominates the relationship. All this prevents the family from fulfilling one of its main functions - psychotherapeutic, that is, relieving stress and fatigue, replenishing the physical and mental strength of each family member. In this situation, the socio-psychological climate is low. Moreover, adverse relationships can transform into a crisis, characterized by complete misunderstanding, hostility to each other, outbreaks of violence (mental, physical, sexual), the desire to break the binding bonds. Examples of crisis relations: divorce, the child’s escape from home, termination of relations with relatives.

The intermediate state of the family, when unfavorable trends are still weak, do not have a chronic nature, is regarded as satisfactory, in this case the socio-psychological status of the family is considered average.

The third component of the structure of social adaptation of the family is sociocultural adaptation. When determining the general culture of a family, it is necessary to take into account the level of education of its adult members, since it is recognized as one of the determining factors in the upbringing of children, as well as the direct domestic and behavioral culture of family members.

The level of family culture is considered high if the family copes with the role of guardian of customs and traditions (family holidays are preserved, oral folk art is supported); has a wide range of interests, developed spiritual needs; family life is rationally organized, leisure is varied, with the prevailing joint forms of leisure and domestic activities; the family is focused on the comprehensive (aesthetic, physical, emotional, labor) upbringing of the child and supports a healthy lifestyle.

If the spiritual needs of the family are not developed, the range of interests is limited, life is not organized, there is no cultural, leisure and work activity uniting the family, moral regulation of the behavior of family members is weak (violent methods of regulation prevail); the family leads a dysfunctional (unhealthy, immoral) lifestyle, then its level of culture is low.

In the case when the family does not have a full set of characteristics that indicate a high level of culture, but is aware of gaps in its cultural level and is active in the direction of increasing it, we can talk about the average sociocultural status of the family.

The state of the psychological climate of the family and its cultural level are indicators that mutually influence each other, since a favorable psychological climate serves as a reliable basis for the moral education of children and their high emotional culture.

The fourth indicator is situational-role adaptation, which is associated with the attitude to the child in the family. In the case of a constructive attitude to the child, a high culture and family activity in solving the problems of the child, her situational role status is high; if in relation to the child there is an emphasis on his problems, then - average. In the case of ignoring the child’s problems and especially the negative attitude towards him, which, as a rule, is combined with a low culture and family activity, the situation and role status is low.

Based on the analysis of the structural and functional characteristics of the family, as well as the individual characteristics of its members, it is possible to determine its structural-functional type and at the same time draw a conclusion about the level of social adaptation of the family in society.

1.3 Psychological factors of well-being of a modern family

Researchers of the modern family distinguish several factors of marital well-being:

Psychobiological compatibility is the main factor affecting family well-being. It includes mutual respect, mutual attraction, readiness of spouses for family life, duty and responsibility, self-control and flexibility, etc. Frequent divorces in modern families can be explained by the unwillingness of spouses to marry, the inability of men to bear responsibility for the family;

Education. Numerous studies suggest that higher education does not always increase the stability of family relationships. But most researchers are inclined to believe that the level of intelligence of partners should not differ significantly. Marriage can exist in a patriarchal or close form if the husband has a higher education than his wife, but if the intelligence and education of the wife is higher than that of the husband - this is a problem marriage;

Labor stability. There is an opinion that people who often change their place of work are distinguished by their inability to establish long-term relationships, which affects not only work, but also family relationships;

Age. The most optimal period of marriage is the age of the girl - 20 years old, boys - 24 years old. Earlier marriage implies a lack of readiness for marriage, a lack of life experience to create a family. Later marriage entails a longer process of adaptation of spouses to each other, because character and lifestyle are already more formed;

Duration of dating. A short courtship period cannot show future spouses in different situations. With a short acquaintance, the spouses run the risk of recognizing each other, already being married, where all the qualities not seen so far are manifested.

All these factors determine the psychological compatibility or incompatibility in the family.

Psychological compatibility incompatibility is determined by the following criteria:

The emotional side of marital relations, the degree of affection;

The similarity of the spouses' ideas about themselves, about the partner, about the world as a whole;

The similarity of communication models of partners and behavioral characteristics;

Sexual and psychophysiological compatibility of partners;

The general cultural level, the degree of mental and social maturity of the spouses, the coincidence of value systems.

1.4 Family Life Cycle

The life cycle of a family is the history of the life of the family, its length in time, its own dynamics; family life, reflecting the frequency, regularity of family events.

1. Premarital Courtship. The main tasks of this stage are the achievement of partial psychological and material independence from the parent family, the acquisition of experience in communication with the other sex, the choice of a marriage partner, the acquisition of experience in emotional and business interaction with him.

2. Marriage and phase without children. At this stage, the couple should establish what has changed in their social status and determine the external and internal boundaries of the family: which of the husband or wife acquaintances will be allowed into the family; How allowed are spouses outside the family without a partner; How permissible is interference in marriage by parents of spouses.

During this period, the couple must hold a huge number of negotiations and establish many agreements on a variety of different ones. Social, emotional, sexual, and other problems may occur. In modern Russian reality, many newlyweds do not immediately decide on the birth of their first child; there are more and more cases when couples are not registered, preferring the so-called civil marriage to legal registration of relations.

3. A young family with young children.For this stage, the separation of roles associated with paternity and motherhood is characteristic, their coordination, material support of new family living conditions, adaptation to great physical and mental stress, insufficient opportunity to be alone, etc.

A married couple may not be ready for the appearance of children, and the birth of an unwanted child can complicate the problems of his upbringing. A number of important issues of this stage are related to who will care for the child. New roles for mother and father appear; their parents become grandparents. For many, this is a difficult transition. Material supply falls on the husband, so he "frees" himself from caring for the child. On this basis, conflicts can arise due to the overwork of the wife with household chores and the husband’s desire to “relax” outside the family. The marriage may begin to break down as the wife's demands for help with caring for the child increase, and the husband will have a feeling that the wife and child interfere with his work and career. In relation to a young Russian family, in some of them there is a need to separate from the older generation, in others, on the contrary, all worries are transferred to grandparents.

4. Family with schoolnicknames. The time a child enters school is often accompanied by a crisis in the family. The conflict between parents becomes more pronounced, as the product of their educational activities is an object of public viewing.

5. A mature family that children leave.Usually this phase of family development corresponds to a midlife crisis of the spouses. Often during this period of life, the husband realizes that he will not be able to go up the career ladder anymore, but in his youth he dreamed of something completely different. This frustration can spill over to the whole family and especially to the wife. Children should feel like adults, they have long-term relationships, marriage is possible (marriage).

6. An aging family.At this stage, older family members retire or work takes only part of their time. A financial shift is taking place: old people receive less money than young people, so they often become financially dependent on children.

At this stage, marital relations are renewed, family functions are given new content. Retirement can make the problem of being alone with each other even more acute.

7. The last phase of the family life cycle.One of the spouses may die, and then the survivor needs to adapt to life alone. Often, he is forced to seek new connections with his family. In this case, a single spouse is forced to change their lifestyle and unwittingly accept the lifestyle that is offered to them by children.

In the process of development of family-marriage relations, psychologists distinguish periods of "decline in relations", which are characterized by an increase in feelings of dissatisfaction with each other, differences of opinion are found in spouses. Such periods are called "crisis situations in marriage." Under withethe crisis of the men it is understood the value conflict of the individual and society regarding the birth and socialization of children, resulting in the failure to fulfill the reproductive and socialization functions of the family, accompanied by the weakening of the family as a union of relatives, the union of parents and children, the union of spouses, weakening of the trinity of kinship - parenthood - matrimony due to the disappearance of family production, joint activities of parents and children.

2. The main problems of the modern family in Russia

2.1 patterns of development of family relations

The basis of the family crisis are certain patterns of development of family relations. In a crisis situation it is necessary to be patient, to avoid rash decisions and actions.

There are several such periods, or recessions, in relationships that not all families successfully overcome:

первые the first days after marriage;

примерно after about two to three months of married life;

после after six months of marriage;

после after the first anniversary of marriage;

после after the birth of the first child;

в in the interval of three to five years;

после after seven to eight years of marriage;

при with a 12-year family experience;

через through 20 --- 25 years of family life.

The above periods of family crises are considered conditionally, because they are not experienced by all families. Two regular critical periods are distinguished in the development of marital relations. It is during these periods that the most frequent are divorces, remarriage. Such crises cannot be avoided, but it is possible and necessary to consciously manage them and their course in the interests of further strengthening the family.

1. The critical crisis period between 3 and 7 years with a positive combination of circumstances lasts about a year. Romantic relationships, the growth of disagreements in everyday life, the growth of negative emotions, the feeling of dissatisfaction, silent protest, the feeling of deceit, reproaches disappear. Psychologists recommend limiting conversations about marital relations, avoiding discussion of practical problems. Talk about professional interests. Spouses must independently seek a way out, the intervention of third parties can aggravate the situation.

2. The crisis period between 13-23 years. It is less deep, but longer in time than the first. It coincides with the age of the “midlife crisis”. There is a heavy press of the time, the feeling that a person does not have time to do everything conceived. The social environment evaluates a person according to what he has achieved. The result of the crisis is the development of a new image of your "I", a rethinking of life goals. This crisis is a difficult test for the family.

2.2 The crisis of the family institution

The family has always been an institution of primary socialization. The processes taking place with the family and in the family certainly affect the process of becoming an individual. Conflicts arising in the family between parents and children, younger and older, conflicts between the “old” generation and the “new” complicate the process of upbringing and socialization of the younger generation.

Socialization is a process of familiarizing oneself with values \u200b\u200band norms accepted in a society and its subsystems. In the broad sense of the word, socialization lasts a lifetime. In the narrow sense, it is limited to the period of personality growing up to adulthood. Family socialization is understood in two ways: as, on the one hand, preparation for future family roles and, on the other hand, as the influence exerted by the family on the formation of a socially competent, mature personality. The family has a socializing effect on the individual through normative and informational influence. It is the family that is the primary source of socialization, and it is the family, in the first place, that makes it possible for the individual to form as a socially competent person.

The problems of the modern family are among the most important and relevant. Its significance is determined by the fact that, firstly, the family is one of the main social institutions of society, and secondly, that this institution is currently undergoing a deep crisis.

Nevertheless, there is more than enough reason to worry about the family. The family is indeed in crisis. And the cause of this crisis, when viewed broadly, is the general global social changes, the growth of population mobility, urbanization, secularization and others that lead to the shattering of “family foundations”. These and a number of other factors led to the decline of the family as a social institution of society, a change in its place in value orientations. It is known that during the years of Soviet power, the social status of the family was relatively not high, although the state had a significant impact on family relations.

During the years of reform, there was a sharp decline in this status. The economic, social, moral foundations of the family turned out to be undermined, which accelerated the devaluation of the family lifestyle, lifelong marriage, few children, the growth of the prestige of single-bachelor independence, etc.

Over the past one and a half to two decades, there has been a serious reduction in the number of marriages. In recent years, the number of divorces has increased by the number of registered marriages. So about two divorces for three marriages.

The causes of the crisis of the modern family as a social institution.

The family is a personal environment of life and development of a person from development to death. This special environment of the child, the first social institution, which has a whole set of means of influence aimed at introducing the individual to the social whole.

Among people, the struggle of heterogeneous and multidirectional interests does not cease, the disunity of cultures and traditions is great, ideals and values \u200b\u200balso do not coincide, and the level of satisfaction of needs is sharply different. Meanwhile, the security of the family is inextricably linked with its needs. Needs - this is the need for something necessary for the life of a person, his family and society as a whole. Satisfaction of needs is determined by numerous factors, including socio-economic. The socio-economic circumstances of the current stage of social development determine the use of physiological minimum indicators rather than indicators of the subsistence minimum when solving problems of social protection of the population. The unthinkable wealth of an unjust bunch of oligarchs demonstrates the accomplished redistribution of property, which leads to the fact that over 70% of the population have incomes below the subsistence level. The continuing lag in the growth of cash incomes from the growth in consumer prices leads to a deterioration in the material situation of the majority of the population of Russian society. The distribution of poverty due to socio-economic difficulties is the cause of the crisis of the modern family.

All segments of the poor are now living very difficult, but especially difficult for families with children. Fertility has fallen catastrophically; it is estimated that a population of two children will lose a third of its population after about 30 years. For simple reproduction, it is necessary that half of the families have 3 children. The attitude that one cannot afford to grow one is a consequence of the crisis in the livelihoods of most of the population. The number of families with minor children with a per capita income exceeding the cost of living is catastrophically decreasing. It has already been proven that the poverty level is due to an increase in the number of children in the family. Thus, the main reason for the crisis of the modern Russian family lies in the sharp decline in the quality of life of the population. The quality of life of a family is the most reliable indicator of its well-being.

The crisis of the family takes place against the backdrop of global social notices of the 20th - 21st centuries, entailing the loosening of the "family structure", the intensification of divorces and the breakdown of marriages, an increase in the number of single-parent families, the widespread occurrence of abortion and extramarital relations, and an increase in domestic violence.

The unequal position of the family institution among other social institutions has led to the devaluation of the family lifestyle, life-long marriage, and an increase in the prestige of single-bachelor independence and small families in various countries and sectors of society.

In the late 90s, the catastrophic decline in family life showed that the acquisition of a family of several children has ceased to act as one of the indicators of human well-being. The birth of children has come to be seen as an “obstacle” to the path to happiness and success in life, achievement of an acceptable standard of living. According to a number of socio-demographic studies, ensuring the status of parenthood and reducing the value of children allows any living conditions to be considered insufficient even for the appearance of a second child in the family.

Over the past three decades, the average family size has been 3.2 people in cities and 3.3 in rural areas, which is due to an increase in the number of small families, an increase in the number of young families due to a decrease in the age of marriage, a tendency to separate young families from parental families, an increase the proportion of single-parent families as a result of divorces, the death of one of the spouses and the birth of children alone.

Russia is currently experiencing the fourth period of population decline. Unlike the previous three, it is not associated with any catastrophic events, but is the result of “internal” evolutionary changes in the reproduction of the population, which are a direct consequence of the crisis of the family as a social institution.

Childlessness and small children have long become quite common in most of the territory of Russia. Not only the number of such families is growing, but also their share in the family structure.

The crisis of the family and the reproduction of the population is a value crisis of the social system, for which momentary interests are higher than the interests of its own self-preservation. Another factor in the crisis of the family is the attitude to women as to the workforce. This is due to the fact that family members have become more enslaved and less connected by the group, i.e. the family as a whole became conditional. It is also associated with an increase in the number of women in the labor market, for example, the economic unity of husbands and wives has weakened. This generally leads to weakening of marital unions. The bonds are broken not only between spouses, but also between parents and children. And also associated with a weakening of reproductive function. Perhaps today the family has fewer children than before, because it wants to do more for each child. The decrease in the amount of time parents spend with their children, the increase in the duration of the child’s loneliness and the time they spend on the street, is a quantitative expression of the inefficiency of family socialization of children. Accordingly, this leads to the collapse of the integrity of the family.

Modern society erodes family values \u200b\u200band corrodes them, ultimately endangering their own existence. Namely, this fundamental contradiction of industrial society, which, on the one hand, cannot exist without a family, without the reproduction of the population, and on the other, has no inherent mechanisms for realizing this existential need, determines the need for a family and demographic policy.

2.3 Divorce and domestic violence

A large number of divorces cannot but disturb the public. Without exaggeration, we can say that there is a catastrophic increase in divorces. The main causes of divorce are alcohol abuse, domestic disorder of spouses, adultery, the problem of the distribution of household duties, psychological incompatibility. The increase in divorce entailed a significant increase in the number of children left without one of the parents.

According to Roskomstat, in the first half of 2013 the number of registered marriages and divorces increased compared to the same period in 2012.

The trends in the drop and increase in the number of births quite consistently repeat the changes in the number of registered marriages, although they are formed against the background of a rather high proportion of women born to unmarried women and a periodic increase in the number of registered divorces 13.

The decrease in the number of births in the 1990s occurred simultaneously with a significant decrease in the number of registered marriages against the backdrop of a decline in the demographic wave (relatively young generations born in the second half of the 1960s and the first half of the 1970s reached the age of the most marital and reproductive activity). The number of registered marriages fell to a minimum of 849 thousand in 1998, and subsequently grew, rising to 1316 thousand in 2011. Deviations from the growth trend were observed only in 2004 and 2008. In general, for the period 1998-2011, the number of marriages increased by 55%. However, in 2012, fewer marriages were registered than in 2011 (1213.6 against 1316.0 thousand). In the first half of 2013, the number of registered marriages was 14.4 thousand more than in the same period of 2012 (481.9 against 467.5 thousand).

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Essay on the subject "Sociology"

The main causes of the crisis of the modern family

Introduction
Reasons for the crisis
Consequences of the crisis
Conclusion
application

Introduction

What is family? The most general definition of the term: family is a social group whose members are connected by bonds of kinship, marriage or adoption and live together, cooperating economically and taking care of children. The modern sociologist Anthony Giddens has given a broader definition: the family is a unit of society consisting of people who support each other socially, economically or psychologically, or who identify each other as a supporting unit.

As a social institution, the family performs the following functions:

* Reproductive

* Economic and economic

* Recreational

* Social control

* Status

* Educational

All these functions are socially significant, they show that the family plays a big role in the life of society and the state, therefore it is so important to monitor emerging problems and find solutions.

The family in sociology is considered not only as a social institution, but also as a small social group. What are the hallmarks of her in the last quality? Firstly, the family is a special kind of union between spouses, characterized by spiritual community, deep trusting relationships. Secondly, trusting relationships between parents and children are formed in the family, which is why the family is called a typical primary group: these relationships play a major role in shaping the nature and ideals of the individual; they form a sense of integrity, the desire of family members to fully share its inherent views and values. Thirdly, the family is formed in a special way: on the basis of mutual sympathy, spiritual intimacy, love.

In the modern world, a lot is said that the family as a unit of society, as a social institution, is in a deep crisis. This is evidenced not only by learned sociologists, but also by economists, philosophers, and psychologists.

The crisis is manifested in the following:

1. General decrease in the number of families

2. Small families. Recent census data indicate that the Russian family averages 3–2 people. The family structure is dominated by one-child families - 56%, two-child - 35%, large families - 8% are preserved due to the traditional mentality of high birth rates in the southern republics.

3. The decline in the birth rate, the natural decline in the population.

The population of Russia until 2009 was reduced by several hundred thousand people annually. In 2009, the natural decline in the Russian population (248.9 thousand people) was 99% offset by migration growth (247.4 thousand people), as a result of which the population decline almost stopped. In 2010, the downward trend in mortality and fertility in Russia continued. However, in 2011 the birth rate increase was only 0.2%.

4. A sharp rejuvenation of marriages. The lower bar of legal marriage age has reached 16 years, and the average marriage age is 19-21 years

5. High number of divorces. According to statistics, today every second marriage breaks up. Statistics also show that 40% of young families under the age of 24 split up a year or two after marriage. So, at present, according to official figures, more than 20% of families are incomplete, and in such megacities as Moscow and St. Petersburg, this figure has exceeded 30%.

6. A large number of abortions.

Thus, we can really say that the modern family is in crisis.

Reasons for the crisis

There are several approaches to determining the causes of the crisis.

Sociological (adaptive) approach: the family is regarded as an unchanging given existing in changing external conditions; family crisis - the result of adverse external influences; overcoming this crisis is seen in creating optimal (most favorable) conditions for the functioning of the family. Thus, the main causes of the crisis are external factors - economic, political, social, ideological and even biological. This approach is most clearly described in the structural-functional model of the family developed by T. Parsons and his colleagues. In accordance with this model, the family was considered as a social institution: a) harmoniously incorporated into society; b) the main task is to service society; c) which is a static formation, and not the result of the interaction of individuals. This approach refers to the family crisis in general negatively; it is regarded as the result of negative external influences. In order to neutralize the crisis, it is enough to remove external negatively influencing factors.

External factors include:

· Lack of own housing

· Low wages, unemployment

· Low standard of living in general, lack of life prospects

· Unstable political situation in the country

In my opinion, in identifying the causes of a family crisis, one cannot rely only on this approach, because, in addition to external factors, there are also internal factors. The family is, first of all, the interaction of individuals. Each person is unique, and when they interact, conflicts arise that often have a stronger negative impact on the family as a unit of society than any political or economic factor.

Very often, these internal conflicts arise due to the dissatisfaction of the needs of the spouses. The famous psychologist V.A.Sysenko identifies the following main causes of conflict:

· Conflicts on the basis of an unmet need for the value and significance of your "I", humiliation of dignity by the partner.

Conflicts based on the unmet sexual needs of one or both spouses.

· Conflicts that have as their source the needs of spouses in positive emotions; lack of tenderness, care, attention and understanding.

· Conflicts on the basis of one of the spouses' addictions to alcoholic drinks, gambling, which leads to uneconomical and inefficient spending of family funds.

· Financial disagreements arising on the basis of the exaggerated needs of one of the spouses, different approaches to the family budget and the contribution of each partner to the material support of the family.

· Conflicts based on the need for mutual assistance, cooperation and cooperation.

· Conflicts related to the division of labor in the family and housekeeping

· Conflicts associated with different approaches to parenting.

I can add from myself that usually one of the reasons for all these disagreements and conflicts is the haste of marriage, when people are forced to get married or get married without recognizing each other to the end. A joint life begins, and the spouses suddenly turn out to be strangers; they simply are not able to withstand the so-called "grinding" of characters. The marriage breaks up, the family is destroyed, which in no way can positively affect society.

The ecological approach is the exact opposite vision of this issue. The family is considered as a fairly autonomous subsystem in the system of relations "society - family - individual", and the family itself is also a complex system of internal relationships. This approach seems more logical to me. The family, as a developing system, is influenced by changing social conditions in a large and real constantly changing world.

Scientist, doctor and teacher Vladimir Bazarny believes that the crisis of the modern family is not due to objective reasons, but because of a spiritual split: "Ask young people 30-35 years old who are healthy, healthy, respectable, living in stable Germany: why aren't they you’re unlikely to hear anything intelligible in response: you can’t take seriously arguments about a career, the pleasures of a free life, that you need to see the world, save money. The young have no housing - only a nook in the tent, a vague idea of \u200b\u200bwhere and when they will be able to work stably, but there is no doubt that their children will appear at the time prescribed by nature. The thing is that there is always trouble the hardships only rallied and tempered family groups, and today both the poor and the rich moan and cry from marriage, we have violence, hundreds of thousands of social orphans, street children, drunkenness, drug addiction. of this family misfortune, we sort out and sort out the factors of material life. But the spiritual life factor is not taken into account. Meanwhile, the spiritual abyss from generation to generation is growing more and more. "

In general, now there are strong changes in the social structure of society as a whole, and, possibly, the crisis of the family is a reaction to these changes. The social differentiation of society is becoming more and more complicated, primary groups are losing their unique features; the role of man as an individual is growing. Everyone in the family becomes oriented first of all to himself, his interests, his own opinion, which goes against the very concept of family relations. Everyone "pulls the blanket over himself," and it is from here, in my opinion, that most family conflicts stem.

The family as a social institution is in the process of adapting to modern realities, it is learning to exist in a new, changed world, trying to preserve and convey all the values \u200b\u200band advantages of family relations, while adapting to people and their way of life of the 21st century. This is precisely what gives rise to conflict, and, as a result, crisis. Two opposing concepts - the past and the present, the social orientation of the old family and the “inward” orientation of the new family are mutually struggling.

In Russia now, unfortunately, the so-called "maternal" families prevail. Why does it happen that husbands leave, abandon their children? Because they themselves were brought up in the same family - only by their mother, and very rarely with such education they manage to get a person who is ready to bear responsibility for themselves and their children. They get married, do not stand, leave, and now their children are growing up without a father. This is how a behavior model is assimilated and inherited: for a girl, that she must be strong and pull everything on herself, one cannot rely on a man. Thus, she acquires purely "masculine" character traits that will manifest themselves in her future family relationships. For a boy, a strong mother, a strong woman becomes the norm; someone grows up with the understanding that this should not be, and someone repeats the fate of his father, and such, alas, the majority. family social low birth rate

It is proved that women are more stable in stressful situations; a huge number of families broke up in the 90s, during the period of economic hardship, when even strong men could not stand the hardships of maintaining a family. The fruits of this are already creating their own families, or are going to create, and for them there is no other model than a single family.

Consequences of the crisis

Attitude towards the crisis as something negative prevails. However, is this really so, to what does everything that happens to modern families lead to?

The collapse of marriage, family, can not adversely affect the mental health of children. As a result, this leads to an increase in child and adolescent crime, drug addiction; loss of authority by parents and teachers, increased conflict in the school; the expansion of neglect, the increase in the number of street children. In the future - neglect of marriage, denial of the values \u200b\u200bof previous generations, the early start of sexual life.

If you think more globally, such manifestations of the crisis as abortion negatively affect the health of the population; a number of girls are still dying from an unprofessional procedure. It also leads to a high probability of infertility in the future.

The excess of mortality over fertility, or a very low natural increase throughout the country leads to the extinction of the population, as well as to its aging.

So, according to the forecast in the report of the United Nations Development Program published in early October 2009, Russia will lose 11 million people by 2025.

The aging of the population in the future will lead to economic problems: the maintenance of a large number of elderly people with a relative minority of the working population will require a strong tax increase, which is very problematic in our country.

Conclusion

On the basis of the material studied and my own opinion, both external and internal factors can be attributed to the main causes of the family crisis. The main external factors - economic and political, internal - conflicts and problems of relationships. Also, a major role is played by the reorientation of members of the modern family to their own "I", that is, the reassessment of values. Some researchers characterize this phenomenon as a “spiritual decline”. Material rather than spiritual values \u200b\u200bcome to the fore; family relations no longer come first. “Floating” family leadership, shifting roles leads to single, “maternal” families, and in complete families - to problems due to role-playing conflicts of spouses.

· Spiritual fall

The survey involved 30 people. About 32% believe that the main reason is a spiritual decline, and another 34% are economic problems. Only two respondents suggested their options: insincerity of feelings, and reappraisal of values \u200b\u200b(which in our case is meant by spiritual decline).

According to the results of this survey, the following conclusion can be drawn: despite the fact that people continue to see the economic aspect as decisive in family problems, it is understood that the value aspect is also important.

A correct understanding of the causes of the crisis is necessary for its full resolution. It is impossible to leave everything as it is and not try to find a way out of the impasse in which the family is now - the "health" of the whole society is closely connected with the "health" of the family.

List of references

Diligent G.G. Socio-political psychology. M., 1994

Bekembaeva E.V. The crisis of the modern family and the problems of education. http://www.rae.ru/forum2011/pdf/1062.pdf

Orlov A.B. The evolution of interpersonal relationships in the family: basic approaches, orientations and trends. Magister, 1996

Schneider L.B. Psychology of family relationships. Lecture course. - M .: April-Press, EKSMO-Press, 2000.

application

· Spiritual fall

· Economic problems (poverty, unemployment, lack of housing)

· High standard of living, satiety

· Shortcomings in the education of future wives / husbands

The survey involved 30 people.

34% of respondents named economic problems as the main reason, 32% - a spiritual decline. High standard of living, satiety - 15%, and lack of education - 18%. Thus, the external factor - economic and internal - value-orientation - received almost the same number of votes. This proves that both are important. A rather large number of votes - 15% - received the option "high standard of living, satiety." It is more likely characteristic of Western countries, but, obviously, it has also developed in Russia. Inadequate parenting also received sufficient support; however, the last two factors cannot be considered decisive.

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The modern family is going through a difficult stage of evolution, its social status is declining. Family reproduction is reduced annually by 15-20%. The number of divorces is steadily increasing. Family life is shortened: every third marriage breaks up without lasting even five years. The key reason for the impoverishment of Russian families is seen in the social consequences of economic reforms. It is the family that primarily reflects inflation, a decrease in the pace of production, an increase in non-payments, and female unemployment. In fact, many families were deprived of all previous guarantees: the guaranteed right to work, to free medical care, to rest, leisure and even movement (due to exorbitant transportation costs) without receiving any new ones. The family’s right to life (in areas of ethnic conflict) was at stake. In many cases, the family does not withstand the onslaught of market ideology, which detonates its collapse. The following are the most pressing problems of a modern family.

1. Housing problem. If in previous years the opportunity for young families to acquire a cooperative apartment (with the help of parents, of course), to obtain a state apartment or room, to rent a living space before receiving their own housing was quite real, then with the transition to the formation of a housing market, to acquire it yourself, with the help of parents or enterprises can only a small number of youth. Therefore, a decrease in the number of marriages is quite natural. In addition, there is a direct correlation between the deterioration of housing conditions and the aggravation of family conflicts (although there is no inverse correlation: the improvement of housing and material conditions does not at all lead to family strengthening).

2. The financial and economic problem. The financial and economic difficulties experienced by the entire population, especially affect the poor, large families, families with children. If the family budget is spent on food, then the acquisition of durable goods (clothing, shoes, household appliances) becomes impossible.

3. The problem of employment and unemployment, on the one hand and female problem employment and double workload, with another. Double workload of women, i.e. their participation in social work and their primary fulfillment of the duties of household services at home and family is not a new problem. Work for a woman is a place where you can show your abilities, it is also a sphere of communication in which women are often treated with greater reverence than at home. For most women, the desire to hold on to work is an economic constraint, born of socio-economic instability, uncertainty about tomorrow. Homework is caused, on the one hand, by patriarchal traditions, on the other hand, by the underdevelopment of industrial services in our everyday life. In the transition to a market economy, a woman became a victim of her family and maternal responsibilities and, as disadvantageous due to her benefits related to childbearing, vacations, etc., became the first client of the labor exchange, where over 80% are women.

4. The problem of family planning. For millennia, biological productivity, which has become a tradition, enshrined in religious dogmas and attitudes, has determined the number of children in a family. In addition, children were a safety factor providing “charity”, feeding parents in old age. Today, the attitude toward having many children is a thing of the past, and the tendency toward few children or even childlessness can be considered stable. Demographic depression is characterized by extremely high rates: up to 30% per year, which leads to depopulation, i.e. excess of mortality over birth rate. A number of others follow from the global problem (family planning): the problem of unwanted children, which is not only moral and psychological, but also social; birth of children in minor mothers.

5. Domestic cruelty. Most of the killings in our country (not counting the victims of military and interethnic conflicts) occur on family-domestic basis. The number of child victims of abuse by parents is increasing.

Despite the existence of different points of view on the crisis of the family, all researchers are unanimous in their opinion about its presence in modern Russian society. The following signs can be considered components of this crisis: a drop in the birth rate; mass small families; depopulation of the nation; increase in the number of divorces; increase in the number of single-parent families; children born out of wedlock; widespread informal marriage (cohabitation); alternative forms of marriage and family relations (“kombinat”, family commune, “swing” “group marriages”), legalization of same-sex relations; growth of individuals living apart (loneliness).

The decline in the birth rate in Russia began in the late 60s. Modern fertility parameters are half that required for replacing generations: on average, 1.2 births per woman per 2.15 are necessary for simple reproduction of the population. In a number of regions located in the central part of Russia, the total fertility rate is about one birth per woman.

The nature of the birth rate in the Russian Federation is determined by the mass distribution of small families (1-2 children), the convergence of the birth rate parameters of the urban and rural population, the postponement of the birth of the first child, and the growth of extramarital birth rate.

Small families, as a well-established, developing and diverse social phenomenon, have crossed all borders: national, regional, class, and professional. It took root in society, it became not a random or temporary process, but a regularity. The increase in the number of small and childless families is a reflection of the instability of the family, a decrease in its status. Modern society provides a person with many different opportunities for self-realization of a person, which constitute a serious alternative to the need to have children. Although, of course, a low standard of living serves as a brake on fertility, the reason lies not only in this. The crisis of the family is not a problem of wealth and poverty, it is a common misfortune of the whole modern civilization, a misfortune that resulted in the devaluation of family values. In the system of these values, regardless of material well-being, the human "I" self-determined as you like, but not through parenthood. We are dealing with something that has never been in the history of mankind: small children were forced. Now the anti-child, anti-family trend is mainly related to the life philosophy of the young generation, which does not want (or is afraid!) To have children due to the lack of real prospects for their professional and social self-determination. There was no place for a person in this value system; his destiny is the hypertrophied social function of the employee. There is no man, there is no woman with her special responsible role of reproduction and education of the younger generation, but there are workers, creators, politicians. Unfortunately, these depersonalized relations have also been transferred to the family by devaluing one of its most important functions. And therefore, now not only family members, but also representatives of other “human sciences” sciences note with alarm: “... We are on the verge, no matter how terrible this word sounds, of depopulation, when the mortality rate is higher than the birth rate. Until we say that the crisis of the family is not just a crisis of its material capabilities, not only for this reason the spouses refuse to have children, but that it is a crisis of the value system generated by the costs of industrial production until this problem is realized in such staged until its permission will be invented. All the same, it will have to be resolved, since the anti-child, anti-family direction of development is anti-human, which means it is unprogressive, unpromising ... There is no humane alternative to the family. ”

Low fertility is one of the causes of depopulation. Depopulation - a steady excess of the number of deaths over the number of births - affected to varying degrees almost the entire territory of the Russian Federation and almost all ethnic groups.

Destabilization of marriage is one of the most important demographic problems, quantified in the unfavorable ratio of registered and divorced marriages. The divorce rate in Russia continuously grew in the 50s, 60s and 70s of the twentieth century.

Currently, more than 50% of marriages end in decay.

Divorce is the most obvious, but not the only evidence of the destruction of family relations, since it only formalizes their actual situation. Not all families with unfavorable relationships make a decision on divorce either because of fear of the procedure and consequences of divorce, or because of psychological inertness, or because of the belief that “children should have two parents, regardless of the relationship between them.” At the same time, the family is formally preserved, but its basic functions are violated.

The downward trend in marriage, intensified by the end of the 1990s, was due to several factors.

First, partner cohabitation is increasingly spreading among young people.

Secondly, the registration of marriages is being made today more and more at a later age.

And thirdly, the general deterioration of the economic situation, the growth of unemployment, especially among young people, the decline in living standards - all this impedes marriage.

The number of single-parent families (as a result of divorce, widowing, childbearing by an unmarried woman, etc.) is 20%, with a predominance of single-parent families in which the child is raised by one mother (approximately 14 such families per single single parent, which the child is raised by one father).

Against the background of a general decrease in the birth rate and an increase in the number of single-parent families, an intensive growth of children born out of wedlock is observed among all those born. Until 1985, their share fluctuated around

10%, and then began to grow rapidly, and in 2000 reached 28%. Today, the parents of almost one in five children in our country are not married. This is partly due to a weakening of moral standards and a more liberal attitude towards illegitimate children, sometimes this can be considered as an indicator of the spread of actual marriage. Great increase in extramarital birth rate in underage mothers. Increased extramarital birth rate at the youngest ages is mainly a consequence of a low contraceptive culture at the beginning of sexual life.

Both our and foreign experience show that among illegitimate children of minor mothers the number of unplanned and unwanted children is especially high. Therefore, the indicators of maternal and infant mortality, the pathology of newborns, and maternal failure from children are increasing. Among the problems of single-parent families, the problem of its functioning as an institution for the upbringing and socialization of children is especially acute. Out-of-wedlock lowers the child’s chances of a full family in the future: “purely” female, as well as “purely” male parenting leads to the formation of a distorted behavior. Another important difficulty of this type of family is their economic failure. The vast majority of single-parent families have characteristics of poor and dependent on benefits.

The following social characteristic, which requires public attention to an incomplete family with minor children, is associated with the quality of their health. Pediatric scientists who study the level of children's health come to a disappointing conclusion: children from single-parent families are much more likely than children from single-parent families to suffer from acute and chronic illnesses that occur in a more severe form. Thus, the specific lifestyle of a single-parent family significantly affects the well-being of an incomplete family. Nevertheless, from year to year the number of children born out of wedlock is growing, which over time exacerbates the problem of single-parent families.

Researchers, since the second half of the 80s began to note the liberalization of public opinion about cohabitation. In the public mind, such unions are increasingly assigned the name “civil marriage”, although this term arose in a completely different context - as a marriage union registered in state bodies, an alternative to church marriage.

The attitude of society towards “civil marriages” is becoming more and more loyal. During the period from 1980 to 2000, their number increased six times. Young couples are increasingly refusing to officially register a marriage; the prevalence of legally unregistered marriages has led to the fact that in 2000 every fourth child was born out of wedlock.

Social practice is expanding in society, when for many young people marriage is preceded by cohabitation, which can be considered as a temporary, but in most cases an indispensable step towards the legal consolidation of emotionally-psychologically justified relationships. Traditional marriage is being replaced by the so-called “trial marriage” (cohabitation, extramarital union), most often at the age of 18–25 years. Analyzing the reasons for the growth of extramarital unions, some experts connect this fact primarily with the crisis of the modern family, the decline in its social prestige. Many young people are scared by the prospect of taking responsibility for another person, as well as for children who sooner or later appear in the family. They should not be blamed for this, because modern youth later reaches economic independence. On the other hand, early physical development necessitates sexual intercourse. Of course, sexual potency, the need to satisfy the sexual instinct, always existed, but earlier this was largely hindered by strict social norms. Now dominated by freedom of premarital sex. Therefore, a couple living together without legal registration of relations, with greater ease than in a legal marriage, can end their relationship if something does not suit their partner. Psychological factors also play an important role in the growth of extramarital unions. An increasing number of young people (and even their parents) consider it necessary to pass a probationary period in cohabitation before a “real” marriage - to better know each other's character and habits, test their feelings, sexual compatibility. But it should be noted that most often the initiator of a “trial marriage” is a man. A modern woman, as before, is more interested in creating a family and suffers more from her absence, although conjugal duties bind her first and foremost, and provide a man with benefits.

Interesting data on this subject is reported by objective statistics. A married man differs from a bachelor in better physical and mental health, he is less likely to get sick, he is less likely to get into a car, become an alcoholic, commit suicide, he is more successful in professional activities, and lives longer. A married woman is worse than her peers who have not been married, especially before the age of 30, in health, her career advancement is hampered by the birth and upbringing of children, household duties, and the possibilities for extra-family leisure are limited.

It turns out that marriage is more in the interests of men, nevertheless, he sees “quarrels” in the family, and she sees “happiness”.

The position of a woman in a “trial marriage” is no different from the position in a registered marriage: it is she who falls under the main burden of housekeeping. Men, more often, feel in an informal marriage as a guest, who is honored and respected daily and hourly, and no one expects, much less requires his participation in domestic work. It all depends on his personal desire, that is, he enjoys all the advantages of a married man, but with the only difference that he has no duties and is not responsible for the economic well-being of the family. Family problems are resolved on the basis of mutual agreement. Therefore, “trial marriage” should not be considered as a new stage in the development of inter-sexual relations, but as a crisis state of a modern family.

The phenomenon of the diversity of family models by both foreign and domestic researchers is associated with profound social changes that have global and national characteristics and are expressed in a change in value paradigms.

In the twentieth century. Along with the monogamous type of family, a number of types of non-traditional models have spread. The appearance of such forms in science is explained by the complexity of the formation of modern and post-modern types of families. As an example, we give several forms presented in the English literature.

“Regularly-split” marriage is a model, the essence of which is that the husband and wife at a certain stage in the development of the individual family prefer to live separately for a fairly long period of time. Spouses choose a certain degree of spatial isolation from each other in order to prevent the routine of life and everyday conflicts and thereby achieve the maximum satisfaction of individual needs and create the basis for creative manifestation.

The next unconventional form is “open” marriage. Some people do not recognize divorce as the best solution to family problems, so they are looking for ways to “open” the marriage. “Open” marriage means taking steps to the full equality and independence of spouses in the intellectual and professional spheres. In such a marriage, husband and wife are independent partners. One of the most extreme forms of “sexually open marriage” is the so-called “swining”. Here extramarital sex is openly practiced by both spouses, often at the same time and in the same place.

Alternative “marriages” are also “rival” (in which there is some involvement of the “father” in the future fate of his child and his mother - in unregistered relationships, that is, a de facto marriage, although the man has an official family), and also all varieties of bigamy.

One of the most acute problems of marriage and family at the turn of the millennium is the legalization of same-sex cohabitation, equating them with legally registered marriages.

Finally, another sign of family instability is the belief that loneliness is an attractive and comfortable lifestyle. To one degree or another, loneliness was also inherent in the past to various societies and peoples. But if in the past it was the result of objective factors that were almost independent of the person himself (the death of men in the war, the death of one of the spouses from the epidemic and disease), then now it depends on the person himself. Many become lonely consciously, that is, people knowingly do not want to marry. Since the Second World War, the number of people living apart has risen sharply. In previous generations, loneliness was perceived as fate in general, people who experienced it were treated with understanding. However, the conscious loneliness of society was condemned. Nowadays, there is a different view. There is no doubt that public consciousness no longer forms a negative attitude towards it: society is quite tolerant of the lonely, maybe even indifferent. We believe that these changes are caused to some extent by the process of changing emphasis in the system of “society - family - personality”. But in reality, this means that it is not so important for society today - is it a family person or not. Other indicators become more significant: professional, educational, etc.

Opinions and attitudes in this area depend on nationality, the degree of urbanization of the settlement, age and some other factors. However, it is clear that directly or indirectly, but the prerequisites for loneliness are created: economic, social, moral and psychological. All benefits and benefits are distributed in accordance with the achievements of a person in professional activities. Loneliness becomes a phenomenon organically inherent in society, and not accidental and not temporary. The traditions and customs by which our ancestors fought with him are almost forgotten.

Another undoubted factor that negatively affects the stability of marriage, primarily abroad, but already penetrating the consciousness of Russians, is the influence of a feminist worldview. In Russia, the spread of feminist ideas occurs not only for internal reasons, but also under the influence of foreign theories - through international conferences, grants from foreign funds, through the media and various publications. For example, introductory remarks on the works of prominent feminists translated into Russian give a generally positive assessment of them; in a number of translated sociology textbooks, material on family and marriage is presented as part of gender sociology. For the Russian reader, it is of particular interest to consider “anti-Seminism” in American feminism from the perspective of family history, the pro-family perception of these views.

The disappearance of social need in a large family and in high birth rates caused a contraceptive and, together with it, sexual revolution, the collapse of the millennial system of social norms of family lifestyle. The spread of a small family, the growth of divorces and cohabitations, socialization pathology, illegitimate births, etc. strengthened the new system of thoughts, where the family was associated with everything “old” and “outdated”, and its breakdown products - with everything “new” and “advanced” ". In a situation of a value crisis of the family style of behavior and indifference of public opinion regarding the family, feminism appeared as an obvious ideological and theoretical justification for what was happening. In feminism, family inequality among the institutions that exploit it is replaced by inequality and exploitation of women, while the social problem of family decline is removed, and the problem of gender relations is highlighted.

The crushing criticism of the family is inherent not only in radical feminism, which was fully declared in the USA in the 70s, but also in other areas of modern feminist theory, the differences between which have been smoothed over the past decade on the basis of general rejection of family.

The ideology of feminism was formed under the influence of the Enlightenment on the natural rights of every person and thanks to the contributions of prominent figures in the women's movement: Mary Wollstonecraft, Francis Wright, Sarah Grimke, Elizabeth Stanton and Susanna Anthony. At the first stage of the formation of American feminism, liberal feminists gradually tended to radicalism, considering women as an oppressed class, and all social institutions as attributes of patriarchy. In the XIX century. emphasis was placed on the difference between men and women, purely feminine qualities stood out, while the leading idea was the desire to concentrate all control in the hands of “strong women”. In fact, it was the idea of \u200b\u200bmaternal law, then very fashionable among anthropologists. Among liberal or cultural feminists, there was an opinion that the call for "matriarchy" (domination of women) was a response to the enslavement of Western women in the 19th century.

In the framework of cultural feminism of the XIX century. Elizabeth Stanton took a radical position, rejecting religion and the Ten Commandments, supposedly invented by men to deprive women of their rights. Matilda Gage went further than E. Stanton, equating patriarchy with the horrors of war, prostitution and the enslavement of women. Victoria Woodhall was the first woman to appeal to the U.S. Congress on women's rights, linking them with shocking views of free love. W. Woodhall advocated the abolition of marriage as a system of official prostitution and rape.

Cultural feminists also defended the right to abortion: Emma Goddman was arrested in 1916 for distributing literature on abortion, and Margaret Sanger advocated improving living conditions through the legalization of abortion and advocated a slowdown in population growth.

The anti-family theory of feminism proceeds from the idea of \u200b\u200bindividual freedom, cultivating the desire for freedom, not limited by anything - even the requirement of individual responsibility for the negative consequences of any unauthorized actions. Each individual female gender is free to do as he pleases, for responsibility for this is shifted to society and the state. From the point of view of feminism, the traditional sociology of the family is guilty of sociocultural recognition of the division of the sexes, of the justification of the socialization of children according to their physiological constitution, i.e. in forced heterogeneous education. Under the conditions of a postmodern reappraisal of values, the feminist denial of human nature and human culture relevant to it surpasses all known forms of nihilism.

So, the crisis of the modern Russian family, unfortunately, is an undeniable fact. Moreover, it proceeds against the background of a widespread social crisis in the country, which gives it special acuteness and drama. In addition, it is associated not only with socio-economic, but also with a number of psychological reasons that appeared in people against the background of social devastation.

The family has ceased to be a condition for survival in society, since every adult has the opportunity to become economically independent and therefore takes more care of his personal growth than of family well-being. Most members of society have a pronounced orientation toward satisfying basic necessities of life, not in the family, but outside it. Now it is much more important to make a career than to become a good family man.

In recent years, an increasing number of young men are involved in deviant activity and the criminal environment or are involved in military operations that are conducted on the territory of Russia. All this, of course, is associated with a lifestyle that denies the family, so young people of marriageable age are in no hurry to create one, or simply do not have time to do it.

The crisis of the modern family is, in some respects, associated with a decrease in the role of men as a stabilizing factor within her. A woman with her high level of emotionality, which often leads to a rash break of marriage ties on her initiative, continues to occupy a leading position. A mass culture that cultivates sexuality without love also played a negative role in this: in particular, advertising, beauty contests, and other similar spectacular events that orient a man toward evaluating a woman in terms of sexual attractiveness, and not love and motherhood. There were various kinds of sexual services, ranging from special salons to computer sex for intellectuals, which is incompatible with family life. In addition, the media (print, radio, television) are obsessively promoting the ideas of hypersexuality, leading to a frequent change of sexual partners. Naturally, the implementation of such ideas does not contribute to the consolidation of marriage, leads to the depreciation of spiritual and moral values \u200b\u200band feelings of love.

In Russian society, there has been a sharp decrease in the role of traditionally significant family ties within the family and, first of all, between parents and children. Parents brought up under the conditions of the Soviet regime turned out to be incapable of sharply changing social relations, confused before an unusual and incomprehensible reality for them. Therefore, children ceased to perceive them as carriers of wisdom, a certain life experience that could be borrowed. In turn, children who have not received a good upbringing do not know how to raise their children. Voluntarily or involuntarily difficult life situations make the family one more “annoying factor”, therefore the husband and wife, as well as other members of the family group, being in a chronic stressful state for several years, seek to find peace at least for some time. And a possible way out in this case is either the destruction of the family, or the rejection of its creation.

Thus, the modern Russian society and social work faces an urgent task - to help a crisis family in a rather difficult socio-economic situation, which is exacerbated by the ever-widening decline in the values \u200b\u200bof a familistic way of life.

Tasks for independent work

1. Offer your definition of the concepts of “family” and “marriage”.

2. Depict the family tree of your family.

3. Tell us about the family as a social institution, using five groups of common signs of social institutions:

- attitudes and patterns of behavior;

- cultural symbols;

- utilitarian cultural traits;

- oral and written codes of conduct;

- ideology.

4. Make a table "Typical norms of traditional and modern families"

Sphere of family life and extra-family activities of spouses

Typical norms

traditional family

Typical norms

modern family

5. Using the chart below, talk about the life cycle of a family. What are the typical problems a family faces at each stage?

Stages of the family cycle
Stage of childlessness	reproductive parenthood	socialized parenthood	ancestral home
Family events
Marriage	Firstborn	The birth of the last child	Separation from parents first birth

6. Outline the work: Sorokina P.A. The crisis of the modern family // Bulletin of the Moscow University. Ser. 18. Sociology and political science. - 997. - No. 3. Do you agree with the opinion of the sociologist? Argument the answer.

Write an essay on the topic: “Values \u200b\u200bof family and marriage in modern society.”

Using the table below, tell us about the features of alternative lifestyles in modern society.

Traditional marriage and family relations	Alternative forms of marriage and family relations
Legitimate (legal)	Loneliness Unregistered Cohabitation
Mandatory presence of children	Consciously childless marriage
Stable	Divorce, remarriage
Sexual loyalty partners	Swinging
Heterosexuality	Homosexuality
Dyadic	Group marriage